Natural hybridization between wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and its wild relatives Aegilops geniculata Roth and Aegilops triuncialis L.

BACKGROUND

Cultivated bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) spontaneously hybridizes with wild/weedy related Aegilops populations, but little is known about the actual rates at which this hybridization occurs under field conditions. It is very important to provide reliable empirical data on this phenomenon in order to assess the potential crop–wild introgression, especially in the context of conducting risk assessments for the commercialization of genetically modified (GM) wheat, as gene flow from wheat to Aegilops species could transfer into the wild species genes coding for traits such as resistance to herbicides, insects, diseases or environmental stresses.

RESULTS

The spontaneous hybridization rates between wheat and A. geniculata and A. triuncialis, which are very abundant in the Mediterranean area, have been estimated for the first time in the northern part of the Meseta Central, the great central plateau which includes the largest area of wheat cultivation in Spain. Hybridization rates averaged 0.12% and 0.008% for A. geniculata and A. triuncialis, respectively. Hybrids were found in 26% of A. geniculata and 5% of A. triuncialis populations, at rates that can be ≤3.6% for A. geniculata and 0.24% for A. triuncialis.

CONCLUSION

The detection of Aegilops spp.–wheat hybrids in Aegilops populations indicates that gene flow can occur, although wheat is considered a crop with a low-to-medium risk for transgene escape. These data on field hybridization rates are essential for GM wheat risk assessment purposes. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.     

基于毒性相关基因序列的稻瘟病菌群体遗传多样性分析

 选用16对毒性相关基因特异性引物对四川和重庆9个县(市)分离到的200个稻瘟病菌单孢菌株进行PCR扩增,并采用最长距离法进行聚类分析,结果显示各引物均能扩增出其目的条带,多态位点百分率(P)高达93.75%,扩增频率差异较大;200个菌株可归为70个不同的单元型,其中单元型SCH13为优势单元型;在0.86遗传相似水平上,200个菌株可划分为27个遗传宗谱,包括1个优势宗谱,3个亚优势宗谱,14个次要宗谱,9个小宗谱,层次丰富;在群体平均水平上,病菌群体具有丰富的遗传多样性(H=0.324 4,I=0.484 2),且群体间差异较大;9个种群在遗传距离为0.05水平上可分为4个类群,种群遗传谱系与地理区域分布呈一定相关性。同时,该地区的群体存在一定的遗传分化(HT=0.320 0),群体内多样性大于群体间多样性(Hs=0.179 6,Dst=0.140 4),总遗传变异的56.13%存在于群体内(Gst=0.438 7),群体间基因流动性较小(Nm=0.639 6)。本研究揭示了四川和重庆部分区域稻瘟病菌群体遗传结构、遗传多样性及其与地理分布之间的关系,为抗病育种和品种布局奠定了基础。     

胡麻异质型ACCase亚基基因的克隆与表达分析

为研究胡麻异质型乙酰辅酶A羧化酶BCCP、BC、α-CT和β-CT四个亚基基因的生物学功能,采用基因克隆、生物信息学和RT-PCR技术分别对胡麻accA、accB、accC和accD 4个基因进行分析。结果发现陇亚10号accA基因编码α-CT亚基,CDS序列全长为2364 bp,编码787个氨基酸;accB基因编码BCCP亚基,CDS序列全长为1173 bp,编码275个氨基酸;accC基因编码BC亚基,CDS序列全长为1574 bp,编码527个氨基酸;accD基因编码β-CT亚基,CDS序列全长为1137 bp,编码378个氨基酸,且4个基因编码的蛋白都是脂肪酸系数较高的亲水性蛋白。RT-PCR结果表明,胡麻accA、accB、accC和accD 4个基因在3个胡麻品种(高含油量的张亚2号、中含油量的陇亚10号和低含油量的R2-17)的不同时期不同组织的表达模式不同,accA、accB、accC和accD四个基因在R2-17、陇亚10号和张亚2号3个胡麻品种所有时期的不同组织中均有表达,但在种子中的表达量均明显高于其他组织,尤其在种子发育10~25 d油脂快速积累时期,4个基因的表达量都迅速增加并达到最高峰。研究表明异质型乙酰辅酶A羧化酶基因可能调控胡麻种子发育前期油脂的合成积累。     

温度与条锈病菌双胁迫下小麦内参基因的选择

 选择合适的内参基因是采用实时定量PCR研究基因表达获得可信数据的关键。以小麦在条锈病菌及温度双因素胁迫为研究对象,采用实时荧光定量PCR评价了CDC、RLI、ACTIN和26S基因的表达情况,采用geNorm和NormFinder软件进行了比较分析。结果表明,小偃6号小麦在常温(15℃±1℃)未接种条锈病菌,以及接种条锈病菌并培育至花斑期分别在高温(20℃±1℃)、变温(20℃到15℃)条件处理中,基因RLI表达不稳定,基因ACTIN在常温条件下以及在条锈病菌及高温处理条件下的表达量相对稳定,但在变温条件下波动较大。表达最稳定的基因是26S,其次是CDC基因,它们可以作为小偃6号-CYR32-温度互作体系中基因表达实时荧光定量PCR研究的内参基因,26S和CDC是最佳内参基因组合。     

水稻雄性不育突变体012S-3的遗传分析和基因定位

雄性不育是水稻杂种优势利用的重要资源,对雄性不育现象的研究具有重要理论意义和实践价值。本研究以自然突变的水稻雄性不育突变体012S-3为试验材料,对其表型特征和花粉育性等进行调查,并构建遗传群体,利用分子标记对目的基因进行初步定位,然后应用基因组重测序技术对其进行精细定位。结果表明,012S-3是一个典型的无花粉普通型雄性不育材料,其不育性状受1对隐性核基因控制。初步定位分析目的基因与SSR标记RM6081存在连锁关系,其遗传距离约为34.4 c M;进一步的精细定位分析,找到3个候选基因:LOC_Os07g35880、LOC_Os07g35920和LOC_Os07g35940,其中LOC_Os07g35880和LOC_Os07g35940编码β-淀粉酶,属于水稻中新发现的花粉致死基因。该不育基因的成功定位为其进一步的分离克隆及其在水稻分子设计育种中的应用奠定了基础。     

恢复生态学的理论与研究进展

为了解西江流域广西境内卷口鱼 (Ptychidio jordani) 种群遗传结构及分化程度,采用线粒体Cytb基因序列对西江流域广西境内6个江段的139尾野生卷口鱼的遗传多样性进行了分析。结果显示,线粒体Cytb基因长度为1 053 bp,碱基T、C、A、G的平均含量分别为29.1%、27.7%、29.3%、13.9%,其中A+T (58.4%) 高于C+G (41.6%)。共定义20个单倍型,并聚为2个分支,未观察到明显的地理聚群。6个卷口鱼群体的平均单倍型多样性和平均核苷酸多样性分别为0.7682、0.0023,其中红水河群体 (单倍型多样性h=0.748 7,核苷酸多样性π=0.003 3) 遗传多样性最高,柳江群体 (h=0.274 4, π=0.000 4) 和左江群体 (h=0.3747, π=0.000 3) 的遗传多样性相对较低。卷口鱼总体的遗传分化指数 (F_ST) 为0.461 4 (P<0.01),表现出较大的遗传分化。两两群体间遗传分化结果显示,左江和柳江种群之间的遗传分化程度最大,而柳江和西江之间最小。AMOVA分析表明西江流域的卷口鱼群体遗传变异一半来自群体内 (53.86%),一半来自群体间 (46.14%)。中性检验 (Tajima's D=−1.082 8, P>0.05;Fu's Fs=−6.572 5, 0.01<P<0.05) 与碱基错配分布分析表明西江流域卷口鱼种群大约在0.07~0.187 Ma经历了种群扩张。综上,西江流域广西境内的卷口鱼柳江群体和左江群体遗传多样性较低,总群体分化程度较大,但仍属于一个种群,其中空间距离与地理阻隔对卷口鱼的遗传分化具有一定的促进作用。

     

Factors affecting the virulence of Ralstonia solanacearum and its colonization on tobacco roots

Tobacco bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is a serious disease affecting tobacco cultivation in southwest China. The response surface methodology was employed to evaluate the optimal conditions of tobacco bacterial wilt, and green fluorescent protein gene (gfp) labelling was applied to monitor the location and survival dynamics of R. solanacearum (Rs::gfp) on tobacco roots and in soil under these optimal conditions. The results showed that the highest wilt incidence was 91.13%, which occurred when the population reached 6.6 × 10⁶ CFU/g soil, the temperature was 30.55 °C, and the humidity was >81.42%. The Rs::gfp densely colonized the root tips and root hairs, and cells of Rs::gfp were observed intermittently in the elongation zone or at the point of the emerging lateral roots. The Rs::gfp number in the rhizosphere soil was 10.75‐, 73.13‐ and 74.86‐times higher than that in the bulk soil at 10, 15 and 20 days after transplantation, respectively. Increased colonization by Rs::gfp was related to the population of the pathogen, the environmental temperature and the humidity in the soil. These three conditions determined whether R. solanacearum would induce tobacco wilt. This is the first study to investigate factors affecting the virulence of a tobacco wilt bacterial pathogen, which is important for conducting field diagnosis and biocontrol of tobacco bacterial wilt.     

甘薯褪绿矮化病毒RNase3蛋白的原核表达及抗血清制备

以本实验室保存的重组质粒为模板,利用PCR方法扩增获得了甘薯褪绿矮化病毒SPCSV的RNase3基因,RNase3基因由690个核苷酸组成,编码229个氨基酸。将RNase3基因克隆到原核表达载体pET-28a(+),转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),经IPTG诱导,对诱导产物进行SDS-PAGE分析。结果表明,RNase3在大肠杆菌中能高效表达,融合蛋白分子量约为26.5kD。以表达的融合蛋白为抗原,免疫家兔,制备了SPCSV-RNase3的特异性抗血清。ACP-ELISA检测结果表明,制备的抗血清对RNase3融合蛋白的效价达10万倍。     

Synthesis and Structure–Activity Relationships of Miticidal 4,5-Dihydropyrazole-5-thiones

A series of novel 4,5-dihydropyrazole-5-thiones (DHPs) was synthesised by treating the corresponding dihydropyrazolones with ‘Lawesson’s reagent and evaluated for miticidal activity against two-spotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae Koch). Of these, 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydropyrazole-5-thione, 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-ethyl-4-methyl-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydropyrazole-5-thione, 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydropyrazole-5-thione-4-spirocyclopentane and 4,4-dimethyl-1-phenyl-3-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-4,5-dihydropyrazole-5-thione were highly active (pEC₅₀>4·0) and were more effective than the miticide dicofol (pEC₅₀=3·879), which has traditionally been used for the control of phytophagous mites. Structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies were performed on each position of the pyrazole ring of DHPs. The results indicated that the unsubstituted phenyl, 4-substituted phenyl and thioxo groups on the 1-, 3- and 5-positions of DHPs respectively were required for activity. Quantitative SAR studies using physicochemical parameters of substituents and the capacity factor k′ as a hydrophobicity index suggested that: (a) the activities of all types of DHPs examined were mainly dominated by hydrophobicity, (b) the bulkiness of 4-substituents of the 3-phenyl ring favoured the activity and (c) the log k′ optimum for all DHPs was 1·675, equivalent to a log P_ow value of c. 5·0.