玉米秸秆聚拢排菌覆土还田机的设计与结构分析

秸秆还田是一种直接有效的秸秆资源利用方法。为了加快玉米秸秆还田后腐熟进程,充分发挥秸秆降解菌的作用,设计了集秸秆聚拢、排菌、镇压及覆土多功能于一体的玉米秸秆聚拢排菌覆土还田机。阐述了该机具的总体设计方案及结构工作原理,并分析了聚拢装置的运动轨迹,得到了影响秸秆聚拢性能主要因素的偏角和倾角的较优值。该机具有良好的作业稳定性,联合作业的效果满足农艺要求。     

2001-2017年天山中段积雪时空变异研究

【目的】为干旱区提供冰雪资源的合理利用及灾害防治的科学理论不服务信息。【斱法】采取趋势分析法、相关性分析法,开展了2001-2017年积雪年内年际变化特征以及分布变化原因斱面的研究。【结果】①天山中段SCP(积雪覆盖率)年际变化呈"单峰"型曲线,6月到最小值,12月到次年1月达到最大值,从2月开始逐渐下降到最小值;从7月初开始SCP开始逐渐上升到最大值。②天山中段年际SCP呈减少趋势、春季的SCP变化呈略微减少趋势、夏季不秋季SCP变化均呈增加趋势、冬季SCP变化趋势跟全年年际SCP变化趋势基本相似,且均呈减少趋势,最高值为98.6%,最小值出现在2009年为83.2%。③天山中段54.08%区域的SCD(积雪日数)呈减少趋势,其中4.36%区域呈显著减少趋势;45.92%区域的SCD呈增加趋势,其中3.03%区域呈显著增加趋势。④天山中段积雪不LST(地表温度)年际相关性呈负相关性比较明显,负相关占总面积的55.89%,主要分布在高海拔的天山山脉,博格达尔;34.98%区域呈极显著负相关,主要分布在伊犁河谷、天山南北坡地区不阿克苏、库尔勒、博斯腾湖流域周边。【结论】天山中段积雪时空变化丌仅是LST变化的影响,还受人类活劢和海拔高度差异等因素的共同作用。     

Reconstructing the paleotopography beneath the loess cover with the aid of an electromagnetic induction sensor

During the last glacial period (Weichselian), wind-blown loess was deposited over the undulating landscape of central Belgium, which had been formed in surfacing Tertiary marine sediments. Since valleys were filled up with a thicker loess layer than hill tops, the present topography is much smoother. This smoothing was enhanced by subsequent erosion processes. Reconstructing the paleolandscape at a detailed scale is almost impossible by conventional procedures based on soil augerings. Therefore, the use of the electromagnetic induction sensor, EM38DD, was evaluated as an alternative for mapping the depth to the Tertiary clay substrate. On our 2.7 ha study site, located in the loess belt of central Belgium, a strong non-linear relationship (R² = 0.86) was found between the apparent electrical conductivity (ECa), measured by the vertical dipole orientation of the EM38DD and the depth to a Tertiary clay substrate. These predictions were validated by independent observations of the depth to the Tertiary clay and a correlation coefficient of 0.83, with an average error of 0.22 m, was found. So, our dense ECa measurements (2 by 2 m resolution) allowed us to build a three-dimensionall surface of the depth to the Tertiary substrate, reconstructing the paleotopography beneath the loess cover. This paleotopography revealed distinct erosion patterns on the surface of the Tertiary clay. The continuity of these was confirmed by an analysis of surface flow patterns conducted on the reconstructed paleotopography. The non-invasive, time- and cost-effective electromagnetic induction sensor was found to offer new perspectives to reconstruct and analyse in detail the Quaternary paleotopography beneath the loess cover.     

Plant availability and leaching of 15N-labelled mineral fertilizer residues retained in agricultural soil for 25 years: A lysimeter study

Background

A high use-efficiency of fertilizer N remains essential to sustain high crop productivity with low environmental impact. However, little is known on the long-term lability of mineral fertilizer N.

Aims

To quantify crop uptake and leaching of ¹⁵N-labelled mineral fertilizer that has been retained in an agricultural soil for 25–30 years in crops with variable growing season.

Methods

A field plot received ¹⁵N-labelled mineral fertilizers over a period of 5 years and was then kept under arable cropping for 12 years. After relocation to 16 lysimeters, the topsoil grew set-aside grassland for the next 13 years. Then crop uptakes and leaching losses of ¹⁵N remaining in soil was tested over a 2-year period by either converting set-aside grass to production grassland, or by replacing it with spring barley (+/− autumn cover crop) or vegetation-free fallow. All treatments received unlabelled mineral N fertilizers.

Results

Crop uptake and leaching of ¹⁵N were generally highest in the first test year after termination of the set-aside. The leaching of residual ¹⁵N in soil declined in the order: vegetation-free soil (4.7%), spring barley (1.9%), spring barley + cover crop (0.7%) and production grassland (0.2%). Corresponding losses for the second leaching period were 2.7%, 0.9%, 0.4% and 0.06%. There was a fixed relationship between leaching losses of ¹⁵N and total N.

Conclusions

After residing in soil for 25–30 years, the lability of labelled mineral N fertilizer residues appeared slightly higher than the lability of bulk soil N. Autumn vegetation was crucial for reducing leaching losses.     

基于LCCS的大尺度土地覆被遥感产品类别相对一致性研究

该文提出了一种基于LCCS分类体系的大尺度土地覆被遥感产品间类别一致性的定量计算方法,并以GLOBCOVER和MODIS COLLECTION5两种大尺度土地覆被遥感产品为数据源对该方法进行了验证。结果表明:GLOBCOVER和MODIS COLLECTION5两者间的类别一致性区域较小,且集中分布于中国的华北、四川盆地、台湾省、西北沙漠地区和喜马拉雅山东麓。类别一致性值分区统计表明,两种土地覆被遥感产品的类别一致性面积百分比存在显著的区域差异,在东北区域,高值区和低值区总面积相近,该区域一致性值以0.5～0.7为主,约占该区域总面积的35%;在西北区域,一致性值以0.7～0.9为主;在华北区域,一致性值表现出明显的高值优势,一致性值大于0.9的区域约占区域总面积的63%;在东南区域,类别一致性值表现出高值面积百分比大于低值面积百分比的特征;青藏高寒区的类别一致性值则与东南区域相反;四川盆地的陆表土地覆被类别以耕地为主,因此表现出与华北区域类似的分布特征;西南区域各个区间的类别一致性值百分比表现出较为均匀的分布特征,并无明显优势级别。     

Influence of slope and stone cover on tillage operations in the Ethiopian highlands

Human population pressure has forced smallholder farmers in some areas of the central plateau region of the Ethiopian highlands to cultivate plots located on slopes or hillsides having varying amounts of stone cover. The objectives of this pilot study were to determine if slope and(or) stone cover influenced tillage operations on smallholder farms in the Debre Birhan area of the Ethiopian highlands, and to examine the relationship between different soil/tillage-related factors and draft of the indigenous single-tined ard (maresha). This paper also briefly describes the traditional systems of cropping and soil management, and provides data on selected physical and chemical properties of soils found in the study area. A land classification (LC) system was developed to categorize plots according to the slope and stone cover. Surface stone cover of plots was calculated and a method of estimating subsurface stones was tested. Tillage measurements included plowing frequency or number (PN) per area per annum, soil moisture tension, plowing depth, furrow “wedge” of soil moved, area plowed, contour angle, and the speed of travel and pulling force exerted by oxen. Plots were located on slopes ranging from 0% to 23%. Degree of slope was a key factor in determining the acuteness of angle of the contour at which plowing is done prior to seed covering, but had no significant effect on maresha draft. Stone cover of plots ranged up to 27%, with individual stones moved by the ard weighing up to 2.5 kg. Plowing depth ranged from 10.1–15.3 cm for all PN across LC. Oxen travelled at speeds of 0.35–0.58 m s⁻¹. Mean values for draft of the maresha across LC ranged from 0.83–1.04 kN. Farmers plowed from 0.10–0.15 ha during a 5–6 h work period, irrespective of LC or PN. Soil moisture tension (range 16–33 kPa) was found not to have a significant effect on draft, due to tillage being carried out prior to the major and minor rains. Percent stone cover explained very little of the variation in implement draft (R²=0.10). Adding stone weight to the model increased R² slightly (0.22), but significance was low (P<0.16). Furrow wedge of soil displaced by the ard head accounted for most of the variation in draft of the maresha across all LC and PN (R²=0.75, P<0.008). The design and construction of the maresha allows it to be used equally well for tillage operations on plots having minimal or high stone cover which may be located on flat or gentle sloping land, or on steep hillsides.     

子午岭地区自然区域特征及其与土壤侵蚀的关系

在对子午岭地区进行全面考察的基础上,分析研究了子午岭地区区域自然环境的基本特征,指出:子午岭地区地质条件复杂,构造运动强烈、岩性疏松、地貌类型齐全、沟深坡陡、降水丰沛、降雨强度大、冲刷强烈,具备了各科侵蚀过程的发生条件。但由于地面覆盖着良好的植被,侵蚀很轻微。子午岭地区作为黄土高原植被恢复的样板表明,大力恢复黄土高原地区的植被,是黄土高原水土保持的核心和中心任务。     

Soil respiration on reclaimed coal-mine spoil

Summary Measurements of soil respiration were made at a number of soil-covered reclaimed coal-mine spoil sites. Many chemical and physical soil factors likely to affect the respiration were also measured. A combination of principal component, cluster, and multiple regression analyses was used to indicate the important factors. These were found to be water-holding capacity and organic matter content. In some cases soil pH was also a controlling factor.     

Field measurement of infiltration rate using an oscillating nozzle rainfall simulator in the cold, semiarid grassland of Mongolia

Recent intensive grazing in Mongolia may be significantly reducing the infiltration rate of rangeland. This study measured infiltration rates using simulated rainfall with high raindrop impact for small plots established on steppe grassland, desert grassland, and shrubland sites in Mongolia. The response of the infiltration rate to short-term livestock removal was also investigated. On the steppe grassland, a high infiltration rate was measured on an ungrazed plot with relatively dense vegetation cover; a statistically significant correlation was found between the total surface cover and final infiltration rate, indicating that surface cover by rock fragments also increased the infiltration rate to some extent. For desert grassland and shrubland, however, the surface cover condition was not a major factor controlling the final infiltration rate. After 4 years of livestock removal, the surface vegetation cover of the ungrazed plot was greater than that of the grazed plot, but no appreciable change occurred in soil penetration resistance. These results suggest that the high infiltration rate on the ungrazed plot was maintained mainly by the recovery of surface vegetation cover after the short-term livestock removal; this may indicate a potential mechanism of recovery from desertification processes for Mongolian rangeland.     

基于时序NDVI图谱库提高土地覆盖分类精度的方法

为提高MODIS土地覆盖产品的分类精度,该文以河南省为试验区,首先将MODIS土地覆盖产品(MCD12Q1)分为高精度区域和低精度区域,然后通过构建时序NDVI图谱库并利用图谱曲线相似性测定方法,改进MCD12Q1低精度区域的分类精度。结果表明:1)时序NDVI是土地覆盖的重要分类特征,二者之间具有较强的关联性。2)利用时序NDVI图谱库能够明显提高MODIS土地覆盖产品的分类精度,改进后的MCD12Q1的总体分类精度分别由72.76%(比较评价)、64.52%(样本评价)提高到83.05%和81.72%。3)不同土地覆盖类别精度提高的程度不同,林地、草地、耕地、人工地表以及水体的生产者精度分别提高35.36%、29.51%、2.98%、6.96%和6.11%。4)对于判定时序NDVI曲线相似度的2种具体方法而言,最小距离法(minimum distance,MD)总体上优于光谱角度匹配法(spectral angle mapper,SAM)。综上,保留现有土地覆盖产品中分类精度较高的部分,基于时序NDVI图谱库改进分类精度较低的部分,是提高现有土地覆盖产品分类精度的有效方法。