Cover crop effects on nitrogen load in tile drainage from Walnut Creek Iowa using root zone water quality (RZWQ) model

Studies quantifying winter annual cover crop effects on water quality are mostly limited to short-term studies at the plot scale. Long-term studies scaling-up water quality effects of cover crops to the watershed scale provide more integrated spatial responses from the landscape. The objective of this research was to quantify N loads from artificial subsurface drainage (tile drains) in a subbasin of the Walnut Creek, Iowa (Story county) watershed using the hybrid RZWQ-DSSAT model for a maize (Zea mays L.)-soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and maize-maize-soybean rotations in all phases with and without a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cover crop during a 25-year period from 1981 to 2005. Simulated cover crop dry matter (DM) and N uptake averaged 1854 and 36 kg ha⁻¹ in the spring in the maize-soybean phase of the 2-year rotation and 1895 and 36 kg ha⁻¹ in the soybean-maize phase during 1981-2005. In the 3-year rotation, cover crop DM and N uptake averaged 2047 and 44 kg ha⁻¹ in the maize-maize-soybean phase, 2039 and 43 kg ha⁻¹ in the soybean-maize-maize phase, and 1963 and 43 kg ha⁻¹ in the maize-soybean-maize phase during the same period. Annual N loads to tile drains averaged 29 kg ha⁻¹ in the maize-soybean phase and 25 kg ha⁻¹ in the soybean-maize phase compared to 21 and 20 kg ha⁻¹ in the same phases with a cover crop. In the 3-year rotation, annual N loads averaged 46, 43, and 45 kg ha⁻¹ in each phase of the rotation without a cover crop and 37, 35, and 35 kg ha⁻¹ with a cover crop. These results indicate using a winter annual cover crop can reduce annual N loads to tile drains 20-28% in the 2-year rotation and 19-22% in the 3-year rotation at the watershed subbasin scale over a 25-year period.     

基于自动取阈分割算法的秸秆覆盖率检测系统

在分析保护性耕作地块覆盖秸秆和土壤亮度存在差异的基础上,以MATLAB为工具,采用自动取阈图像分割算法,提取田间实拍图像中的秸秆及土壤信息,统计图像中秸秆覆盖面积,利用秸秆覆盖率算法实现对地表秸秆覆盖率的自动检测。系统经田间模拟试验校正后,田间测试误差可控制在4%以内,平均检测效率可提高约72倍,为开展保护性耕作技术秸秆覆盖研究提供了一种可行有效的方法。     

2001-2017年天山中段积雪时空变异研究

【目的】为干旱区提供冰雪资源的合理利用及灾害防治的科学理论不服务信息。【斱法】采取趋势分析法、相关性分析法,开展了2001-2017年积雪年内年际变化特征以及分布变化原因斱面的研究。【结果】①天山中段SCP(积雪覆盖率)年际变化呈"单峰"型曲线,6月到最小值,12月到次年1月达到最大值,从2月开始逐渐下降到最小值;从7月初开始SCP开始逐渐上升到最大值。②天山中段年际SCP呈减少趋势、春季的SCP变化呈略微减少趋势、夏季不秋季SCP变化均呈增加趋势、冬季SCP变化趋势跟全年年际SCP变化趋势基本相似,且均呈减少趋势,最高值为98.6%,最小值出现在2009年为83.2%。③天山中段54.08%区域的SCD(积雪日数)呈减少趋势,其中4.36%区域呈显著减少趋势;45.92%区域的SCD呈增加趋势,其中3.03%区域呈显著增加趋势。④天山中段积雪不LST(地表温度)年际相关性呈负相关性比较明显,负相关占总面积的55.89%,主要分布在高海拔的天山山脉,博格达尔;34.98%区域呈极显著负相关,主要分布在伊犁河谷、天山南北坡地区不阿克苏、库尔勒、博斯腾湖流域周边。【结论】天山中段积雪时空变化丌仅是LST变化的影响,还受人类活劢和海拔高度差异等因素的共同作用。     

基于Lab颜色空间的棉花覆盖度提取方法研究

基于手持高清可见光图像和无人机可见光遥感影像中植被与非植被像元在不同颜色空间单通道上分布的差异性,以苗期和蕾期的棉花为对象,进行了棉花覆盖度的提取方法研究。基于不同天气状况和不同采集时刻等光照条件下采集的29幅具有不同覆盖度的棉花地面可见光图像,分别对比分析了Lab颜色空间a通道、RGB颜色空间2G-R-B指数和HIS颜色空间H通道对棉花的识别能力,以及使用动态阈值和固定阈值两种情况下的棉花覆盖度提取精度。其中动态阈值通过植被与非植被像元的高斯分布交点确定,固定阈值在3种颜色空间分别设置为动态阈值的均值。结果表明,植被像元与非植被像元在a通道、2G-R-B指数和H通道上呈现高斯分布,可以采用非线性最小二乘算法实现高斯分布拟合。通过高斯分布拟合求解交点得到的动态分类阈值分布范围较为集中,将其均值-3.78、0.06、0.13设定为固定分类阈值。相比于2G-R-B指数和H通道,a通道对绿色植被的识别能力最好,更适合提取棉花植被覆盖度;相比于动态阈值,固定阈值的提取精度更好,平均提取误差为0.009 4。将该方法应用到无人机尺度时,同样可以较好地提取不同天气状况和不同土壤干湿类型的棉花覆盖度,且总体平均提取误差为0.012。经过初步检验和分析认为,基于植被与非植被像元在Lab颜色空间a通道上分布的差异性,结合固定分类阈值,可以精确地提取不同光照条件下的苗期和蕾期棉花覆盖度。     

Influences of sand cover on erosion processes of loess slopes based on rainfall simulation experiments

Aeolian-fluvial interplay erosion regions are subject to intense soil erosion and are of particular concern in loess areas of northwestern China.Understanding the composition,distribution,and transport processes of eroded sediments in these regions is of considerable scientific significance for controlling soil erosion.In this study,based on laboratory rainfall simulation experiments,we analyzed rainfall-induced erosion processes on sand-covered loess slopes(SS)with different sand cover patterns(including length and thickness)and uncovered loess slopes(LS)to investigate the influences of sand cover on erosion processes of loess slopes in case regions of aeolian-fluvial erosion.The grain-size curves of eroded sediments were fitted using the Weibull function.Compositions of eroded sediments under different sand cover patterns and rainfall intensities were analyzed to explore sediment transport modes of SS.The influences of sand cover amount and pattern on erosion processes of loess slopes were also discussed.The results show that sand cover on loess slopes influences the proportion of loess erosion and that the compositions of eroded sediments vary between SS and LS.Sand cover on loess slopes transforms silt erosion into sand erosion by reducing splash erosion and changing the rainfall-induced erosion processes.The percentage of eroded sand from SS in the early stage of runoff and sediment generation is always higher than that in the late stage.Sand cover on loess slopes aggravates loess erosion,not only by adding sand as additional eroded sediments but also by increasing the amount of eroded loess,compared with the loess slopes without sand cover.The influence of sand cover pattern on runoff yield and the amount of eroded sediments is larger than that of sand cover amount.Furthermore,given the same sand cover pattern,a thicker sand cover could increase sand erosion while a thinner sand cover could aggravate loess erosion.This difference explains the existence of intense erosion on slopes that are thinly covered with sand in regions where aeolian erosion and fluvial erosion interact.     

锡林郭勒草原植被覆盖度时空动态与影响因素分析

以MODIS地表辐射率数据对内蒙古自治区锡林郭勒草地进行研究,分析了2001—2013年生长季(4—10月份)草甸草原、典型草原、沙地草原和荒漠草原4种草地类型植被覆盖度(fv)的时空变化特征,用变异系数(C_v)衡量各类草原f_v的变化程度,并结合气象和放牧数据分析气候变化和人类活动(放牧)对草地f_v的影响。结果表明,在不同年份各类型草原f_v均表现为由东向西递减的规律,同类型草原年际间fv呈不显著波动变化。研究区多年f_v的Cv结果表明有78.66%地区属脆弱和很脆弱水平,其中典型草原和沙地草原属脆弱级别,而荒漠草原属很脆弱级别,只有草甸草原属稳定级别。降水量对f_v的影响较大,呈显著正相关关系;而温度对fv的影响较小,呈不显著负相关关系;牲畜养殖数量对f_v影响较大,锡林郭勒盟草原的适宜综合牲畜养殖数量为39只/km~2(以标准羊计)。     

Management of Grazing Intensity in the Semi‐Arid Rangelands of Southern Australia: Effects on Soil and Biodiversity

Overgrazing contributes to rangeland degradation altering plant community composition, erosion and biodiversity. Little unanimity in the literature exists on the effects of livestock grazing on soil carbon and biodiversity, in part, due to uncontrolled grazing pressure from native and feral animals. Paired paddock contrasts at three, long‐term (>8 years) study locations in the southern Australian rangelands were used to examine the effects of managing grazing intensity through the use of exclusion fencing and rotational grazing on soil organic carbon (SOC), soil nitrogen (TN), ground cover and biodiversity (flora and invertebrates). Grazing management had no effect on SOC or TN on grey soils (Vertisols), but for red soils (Lixisols), significantly higher levels of SOC were found for both the 0 to 5 and 5 to 10‐cm soil depths (0·3% and 0·27% respectively) and associated with increased TN. We found strong and consistent relationships among SOC and higher perennial (p < 0·001), higher litter (p < 0·05) cover and close proximity to trees (p < 0·05). Managing grazing intensity resulted in significantly higher perennial ground cover (p < 0·001) on Vertisols (8·9 to 11%) and Lixisols (12·5 to 15%) and higher plant diversity (both native and exotic) but negatively impacted invertebrate diversity, indicating trade‐offs between production and resources. We provide evidence that the effects of grazing management on SOC are mediated by ground cover and increased organic matter supply and/or reduced soil carbon redistribution (erosion), which indicates that the management of grazing intensity may provide a tool to avoid soil carbon loss in rangelands. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

秸秆覆盖对岩溶区坡耕地产流产沙的影响

通过室内模拟降雨试验,研究秸秆覆盖对西南岩溶区坡耕地产流产沙的影响。试验处理按照2个雨强(63,100mm/h)和5个秸秆覆盖度水平(0,20%,50%,80%和100%)进行。结果表明:在中雨强(63mm/h)条件下,秸秆覆盖减少了地表径流的径流系数和径流强度,增加了壤中流径流系数和径流强度,在较大秸秆覆盖度下(50%,80%和100%),秸秆覆盖能有效减少土壤流失量;但在大雨强(100mm/h)条件下,秸秆覆盖导致地表径流增加并同时显著减少了壤中流,地表径流的增加同时导致土壤流失量的增加。     

近40a来精河流域绿洲土地利用/土地覆被时空动态演变

以1972-2010年精河绿洲的遥感影像及相关资料为依据通过对LUCC的对比分析发现:(1)近40a年来,研究区的未利用土地、水域、低覆盖度植被区面积始终保持前三位。(2)LUCC类型发生了显著变化,耕地、建设用地、未利用土地呈增势,其中建设用地和未利用地为主要转入类型;水域和植被覆盖区呈减势,其中水域和低、高覆盖度植被区为主要转出类型。(3)植被退化和水域面积减少主要受到年均温上升、年蒸发量增大等自然因素影响;建设用地和耕地面积增大主要受到人口增长、城市快速发展等人文因素的影响。     

近25a新疆LUCC对气候变化及人类活动的响应

根据新疆1981-2005年气象数据及两期土地利用/土地覆盖数据,运用改进的Holdridge植被生态分区模型、土地利用程度模型以及重心模型,分析了新疆LUCC对气候变化和人类活动的响应程度及变化趋势。研究表明:25年间新疆温度升高,降水增多,气候变化使得区域内植被群落格局发生变化,北部地区的未利用地向草地、灌木等生态类型转化;同时人类活动的加剧使得区域西北地区农用地和建设用地增加,生态环境也得到一定程度的改善。在气候变化和人类活动共同作用下,研究区土地利用程度重心由北偏西48度移动了3.87km,其中气候影响使土地利用程度重心由北偏东33度移动了1.25km,人为影响使其由北偏西66度移动了3.88km。