转Bt基因玉米残体Cry1Ab蛋白在土壤中的残留动态

采用ELISA定量法研究了(28±1)℃下转Bt基因玉米植株残体不同组织所含Cry1Ab蛋白在黄褐土和红壤中的残留动态,并对其进行方程拟合。结果表明,转Bt基因玉米植株残体不同组织释放的Cry1Ab蛋白在不同土壤中的残留动态基本一致,均呈前期快速降低和后期稳定下降2个阶段,但同一组织释放的Cry1Ab蛋白在不同土壤中的残留变化速率存在显著差异,黄褐土中下降明显快于红壤,1周内表现尤为显著;不同组织释放的Cry1Ab蛋白在同一土壤中其残留差异显著,且受培养时间等因素的影响,总体表现为根>叶>茎,与初始时Cry1Ab蛋白土壤可提取量表现基本一致;双指数模型比移动对数模型和指数模型更符合转Bt基因玉米残体中Cry1Ab蛋白在土壤中的残留动态。     

烯效唑拌种对小麦前期控旺和后期抗(避)冷效应的研究

以川农麦1号为材料,研究了不同浓度烯效唑(S3307)(0、5、10、20、40mg/L)拌种对不同播期小麦前期生长及后期抗(避)冷效应的影响,并对S3307拌种前期控旺,后期抗(避)冷进而增粒增产的机理进行了讨论.结果表明,S3307拌种对小麦前期生长具有控上促下、控前促后的效应;S3307促进了三叶到拔节体内N素含量的增加,降低了C/N值;S3307拌种使小麦生长物候期延迟,利于四分体与开花期避开低温危害,且提高了四分体与寒潮期幼穗超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化物酶(Peroxidase,POD)的活力,降低了丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA)的含量,有利于提高植株的抗冷性;S3307拌种延迟了幼穗分化各阶段的起始时间,使小麦拔节期明显推迟;S3307拌种提高了穗粒数,其产量显著高于对照.     

不同地理种群和不同化性亚洲玉米螟的有效积温和存活率的研究

[目的]为了研究不同地理种群和不同化性亚洲玉米螟的有效积温和存活率。[方法]采用直线最优法对采自我国北方不同地区的亚洲玉米螟一化性、二化性、三化性种群的有效积温和存活率进行了研究。[结果]一化性种群有效积温最高,二化性种群次之,三化性种群最低;除成虫外,其它虫态(卵、幼虫和蛹)的发育起点温度均为三化性的最高,二化性居中,一化性最低,成虫则刚好相反。在每一个供试温度(152、02、53、03、5℃)下一化性的存活率最高,二化性次之,三化性最低。[结论]在供试的5个温度梯度中,25℃是亚洲玉米螟发育的最适温度,不同地理种群和不同化性的亚洲玉米螟的生物学特性存在差异。     

氮肥形态对污泥农用土壤中重金属活性及玉米对其吸收的影响

采用根箱试验,研究了不同形态氮肥对污泥处理的根-土界面氮素转化、pH、重金属活性以及植物吸收重金属的影响.结果表明,铵态氮肥能降低根际土壤的pH,提高根际土壤中的重金属活性,促进玉米对重金属的吸收;而硝态氮的作用刚好相反.因此,氮肥形态的选择供应可作为控制作物对重金属吸收的一种措施.     

利用昆虫病原真菌防治贮粮害虫展望

Only two fungus species,Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae,have been given serious attention as possible microbial controls for stored-product pests.Their host ranges are broad, but their potency for the various target insects varies greatly,and some of the most important pests such as the red flour beetle are very tolerant of fungi.Accordingly, strategies are needed to improve the fungal performance.One such strategy is combination with other environmentally benign treatments such as controlled desiccant dusts and controlled atmospheres. Ironically the relatively dryness of stored-product environments favors fungal efficacy.Desiccation stress renders some insects more vulnerable to fungi.The longevity of fungus spores is also best under dry conditions.The prospects of fungi for control of stored-product pests can be improved by taking advantage of these phenomena and judicious selection of use venues and application strategies.     

Management Zones Classified With Respect to Drought and Waterlogging

Within-field variations in potential grain yield may be due to variations in plant available soil water. Different water holding capacities affect yield differently in different years depending on weather. By estimating plant-water availability in different weathers, scenarios could be created of how yield potential and thereby fertilizer demand may vary within fields. To test this, measured cereal grain yields from a dry, a wet and an intermediate year were compared with different soil moisture related variables in a Swedish arable field consisting of clayey and sandy areas. Soil water budget calculations based on weather data and maximum plant available water (PAW), estimated from soil type and rooting data, were used to assess drought. A reasonable correlation between estimated and measured soil moisture was achieved. In the dry year, drought days explained differences in yield between the clayey and the sandy soil, but yield was better explained directly by maximum PAW, elevation, clay content and soil electrical conductivity (SEC). Yield correlated significantly with SEC and elevation within the sandy soil in the dry year and within the clayey soil in the wet year, probably due to water and nitrogen limitation respectively. Dense SEC, elevation and yield data were therefore used to divide the field into management zones representing different risk levels for drought and waterlogging. These could be used as a decision support tool for site-specific N fertilization, since both drought and waterlogging affect N fertilization demand.     

拔节与孕穗肥比例对中筋小麦氮营养、产量和品质的调控效应

以中筋小麦扬麦10号为试验材料,探讨拔节与孕穗肥施用比例对氮素吸收利用、籽粒产量和品质的调节效应。结果表明:在中等肥力土壤上,增加拔节期氮肥施用比例,产量提高,蛋白质和面筋含量下降,氮素农学效率、生理效率和运转效率(氮收获指数)均较低,氮素生产效率、吸收效率、利用效率和氮肥表观利用率中等;拔节肥和孕穗肥二次施用有利于产量和品质协调,氮素生产效率、农学效率、吸收效率和氮肥表观利用率最高,但氮素利用效率最低,氮素生理效率和运转效率中等。在土壤肥力中等、施氮量为240kg·hm-2条件下,以基肥、拔节肥、孕穗肥比例为2∶1∶1较为适宜,在土壤后期供肥能力较高、施氮量为150kg·hm-2条件下,则以基肥、壮蘖肥、拔节肥、孕穗肥比例为10∶2∶1～2∶6～7较为适宜。     

安徽省退耕还林绩效与后续发展研究

分析了安徽省退耕还林的绩效和后续发展中存在的问题, 指出退耕还林对安徽的生态环境改善和经济发展都起到了明显的促进作用, 但由于国家和农户目标的差异以及挤出效应的存在, 应加大公共支出、加大科技投入力度和不断完善激励措施, 进一步巩固安徽省退耕还林成果。     

应用盐溶蛋白电泳图谱鉴定玉米种子纯度

应用盐溶蛋白电泳方法对38份玉米杂交种和37份亲本自交系进行了蛋白电泳生化指纹图谱品种真实性及其纯度检测。结果表明：有34份单交种能够很好地鉴定出来，4份单交种未能鉴定出来，鉴定有效率达89％；本方法还能鉴定亲本自交系的纯度及同一母本的不同单交种，能有效监控假冒种子。对凝胶谱带胶板进行干燥处理，从根本上解决了该项技术结果保存难的关键问题，仅用3－4d就能准确建立品种的特征谱带样板，为该项技术的规范化应用和进一步研究奠定了基础。该方法具有操作简便、快速、准确、经济、可批量检测的特点，适合在实际中应用。     

玉米及其秸秆肥育肉牛效果与经济效益的对比研究

对玉米及其秸秆采用 3种收获处理方式 :全株收获并青贮、基本成熟时收获子实后鲜秸秆及时青贮和完成成熟后收获子实干秸秆作为饲料。根据饲养标准 ,用玉米、鲜酒糟、豆粕等将玉米全株青贮饲料、鲜秆青贮饲料和干玉米秸秆分别配制成标准日粮 ,肥育架子牛 90d。试验结果表明 :日粮消化率、试牛日增重、产肉率及牛肉品质均以全株青贮日粮组为最好 ;养牛效益和每公顷耕地效益也以全株收获方式最好 ,鲜秆青贮次之 ,玉米完全成熟后收获子实干秸秆饲用方式最差。