Carbon stocks and sequestration potentials of agricultural soils in the federal state of Baden‐Württemberg,SW Germany

Soil organic carbon (SOC) inventories are important tools for studying the effects of land‐use and climate change and evaluating climate‐change policies. A detailed inventory of SOC in the agricultural soils of the federal state of Baden‐Württemberg was therefore prepared based on the highest‐resolution geo‐referenced soil, land‐use, and climate data (BÜK200 inventory). In order to estimate the quality of different approaches, C inventories of the region were also prepared based on data from the National Inventory Report (UBA, 2003) and by applying the IPCC (1997) method to the two data sets. Finally, the BÜK200 inventory was used to estimate potentials of no‐tillage agriculture (NT) and peatland restoration to contribute to C sequestration and greenhouse‐gas (GHG)‐emission mitigation since both measures are discussed in this context. Scenario assumptions were change to NT on 40% of the cropland and restoration of 50% of cultivated peatlands within 20 years. On average, grasslands contained 9.5 kg C m^–2 to 0.3 m depth as compared to only 6.0 kg C m^–2 under cropland, indicating strong land‐use effects. The SOC content depended strongly on waterlogging and elevation, thus reflecting reduced C mineralization under aquic moisture regimes and low temperatures. Comparison of the BÜK200 inventory with the approach used for UBA (2003) showed high inconsistencies due to map resolution and SOC contents, whereas the IPCC method led to fairly good agreements. Results on the simulated effects of NT and peatland restoration suggested that 5%–14% of total agricultural GHG emissions could be abated with NT whereas peat restoration appeared to have a minor mitigation potential (0.2%–2.7%) because the total area of cultivated organic soils was too small to have larger impact.     

植被恢复过程中侵蚀红壤有机质变化研究

基于2001年与2011年两期土壤样品数据,对江西省兴国县植被恢复过程中侵蚀红壤有机质的变化进行了研究。结果表明：10年间,纯林、林草及林灌草结构下表层(0 ~ 10 cm)土壤有机质变化值分别为?-5.8、-0.1及8.0 g/kg,千枚岩、红砂岩及花岗岩成土母质发育的红壤表层土壤有机质变化值分别为8.7、-0.5及 -3.1 g/kg。植被垂直结构对表层土壤有机质的变化影响显著,主要是由于植被覆盖度及生物量的不同引起的凋落物量的差异所导致;土壤颗粒组成是表层土壤有机质变化的重要影响因素之一,研究区表层土壤有机质的变化与黏粒含量的变化呈显著正相关(P < 0.05);此外,林下土壤侵蚀也影响着表层土壤有机质的变化。     

矿区园林景观生态维护与重建现状研究

矿区是人类剧烈开采活动干扰形成的典型的脆弱的生态系统,矿区覆盖面积大,景观生态破坏严重,对矿区进行复垦是国家、企业、矿区居民及生态工作者密切关注的问题。以矿区复垦的研究现状为基础,总结了中国现有的矿山开发污染技术治理技术,并提出了矿山园林景观生态重建的组织措施及经济手段。     

退化生态系统恢复过程木本植物密度的变化

对大明山退化生态系统 34个群落的木本植物密度进行了研究。结果表明 :1.退化生态系统木本植物的密度与植被的恢复阶段紧密相关 ;2 .乔木层植物的密度变化呈现恢复初期 ( 2年 )较低 ,中前期 ( 10～ 2 0年 )迅速提高 ,中后期 ( 50年 )下降 ,后期 ( 150～ 2 0 0年 )又缓慢回升的趋势 ;3.乔木层与灌木层植物密度的变化具有相同的趋势和不同的速率 ,灌木层植物密度变化缓慢。     

Cattle manure and inorganic nitrogen fertilizer application effects on soil hydraulic properties and maize yield of two soils of Murewa district,Zimbabwe

This study set out to determine the effects of cattle manure and inorganic N‐fertilizer application on the hydraulic properties and maize yield of a clay and sandy soil in a smallholder farming area of Zimbabwe. Four fields classified as homefields (HF: more fertile and closer to homesteads) and outfields (OF: less fertile and further from the homesteads) were selected on clay and sandy soil. They were subjected to four treatments, control (no fertility amendment), 5, 15 and 25 t/ha cattle manure + 100 kg/ha N (as ammonium nitrate) for 7 years. A two‐way randomized complete block design was used with fertility and field type as the two factors. Clay soil hydraulic properties, which included density of macropores with a diameter >300 μm, unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, steady‐state infiltration rate, moisture retention under low suction and maize grain yield, were significantly improved (P < 0.05) by fertility management compared with the control and were generally comparable between the HF and OF. Fertility management significantly improved maize grain yield on sandy soils but did not enhance hydraulic parameters, thereby indicating poor responsiveness in structural build‐up. On the other hand, significantly different hydraulic parameters between the sandy soil HF and OF suggested effects of other factors not related to soil fertility and field type treatments. We therefore concluded that application of a high rate (25 t/ha) of cattle manure and inorganic N‐fertilizer is beneficial for fertility restoration to the degraded OFs with associated comparable hydraulic properties on HFs and OFs on clay soil, unlike on sandy soil.     

退化沙质草地自然恢复过程中土壤-植物系统的变化特征

研究了科尔沁沙地封育5a后退化沙质草地自然恢复过程中土壤—植物系统的变化特征,同时分析了土壤性状与植物特征之间的相互影响程度。(1)从流动沙地恢复到固定沙地,沙质草地植物群落的物种多样性、植被盖度、地下根量和地表枯落物残留量均趋于增大。β多样性测度值表明,在半流动沙地恢复到半固定沙地阶段,植物种周转速率大,群落结构变化明显。(2)在退化沙质草地的自然恢复过程中,表层土壤的结构性能明显改善,土壤养分的有效性相应提高。(3)相关分析显示,沙质草地表层土壤的理化性状与植物特征值之间存有密切的相关性(R2=0.33～0.84,P<0.01,n=20),表明退化沙质草地的恢复过程实质上是土壤—植物系统协同演变的过程,在该过程中,植物多样性的关键恢复期滞后于土壤环境的关键恢复期。     

汾河流域湿地退化特征及恢复对策

在汾河流域湿地分布广泛,类型多样,生物多样性丰富,主要湿地类型有河口（内陆）湿地、河流湿地、湖泊湿地、水库湿地和沼泽及草甸湿地等,总面积930．51km2。由于人为不合理利用和自然的原因,导致汾河流域湿地生态环境退化现象严重。该流生态环境主要表现特征为：（1）未经处理的污水直接排放导致湿地生态环境急剧恶化退化;（2）不合理的开发加速湿地面积不断萎缩,湿地植被遭到严重破坏;（3）过度开垦破坏水禽的栖息地,滥捕盗猎导致湿地生物多样性不断下降;（4）过度开采地下水和煤炭的无序开采使湿地生态环境恶化的进程加快。     

不同切根处理对林木幼苗根系侧根生长的影响

在基质栽培和营养液栽培条件下,对侧柏、刺槐和白榆幼苗主根分别进行切除1/3,1/2和不切除试验,以研究不同切根比例对一级侧根数量、一级侧根总长度以及一级侧根发生位置的影响.结果表明,对苗木进行主根切断,抑制了主根的生长,促进了一级侧根的发生,使切根处理后的幼苗在一级侧根的数量和总长度上均大于全根苗.一级侧根发生的数量以及生长量与主根切断比例有关,1/3切根的增加幅度大于1/2切根处理,说明一级侧根的发生随着主根伤害程度的增加而有所减小.一级侧根的发生位置比全根苗更接近于根基.3树种全根苗一级侧根的发生位置主要集中分布在2～5 cm,而1/3切根苗的一级侧根主要分布在2-4 cm,1/2切根苗的一级侧根主要分布在2～3 cm.     

荣宝及大荣土壤修复剂在油菜上的应用效果初探

考察了不同用量的荣宝及大荣土壤修复剂在油菜(Brassica napus L.)上的应用效果。结果表明,施用荣宝及大荣土壤修复剂的油菜比对照增产8.99%~25.86%,其中荣宝施用量为20 kg/667 m2时,对油菜增产及菌核病抑制效果最为明显。同时施用一定量的荣宝及大荣土壤修复剂可以增加油菜子含油量和粗蛋白质含量,并对土壤p H有一定的调节作用。     

退化人工梭梭林的恢复技术研究

对退化人工梭梭林进行恢复试验研究发现:滴灌可使梭梭林地土壤含水率显著提高;梭梭光合作用增强;群落物种数增多,盖度增大;防风固沙作用增强.布设机械沙障可使退化梭梭林地表粗糙度增大,林内近地面层风速、输沙量显著下降.春灌3 a后,不仅退化梭梭个体恢复正常生长,同时梭梭林群落物种组成数明显增加,盖度显著增大,生态功能也逐渐恢复.雨水集流和雨水下渗改造两种模式应用1～2 a后,退化梭梭林地土壤含水率均有明显提高.滴灌、布设机械沙障、春灌和改造结皮4种技术措施对退化梭梭林生长及其环境均有明显的恢复作用,其中滴灌、机械沙障恢复技术是当前和今后推广的主要措施;春灌和改造结皮可作为前两种技术的补充措施.