Responses to betaine and inorganic sulphur of sheep in growth performance and fibre growth

Sulphur‐containing amino acids (SAA) are essential and usually the first limiting amino acids for growth, milk and wool production. The keratin fibre that grows from epidermal tissue is rich in SAA. The rate of fibre growth and its S content are influenced by the availability of SAA. Betaine is a dietary source for a labile methyl group and actively participates in methionine metabolism by donating methyl groups for the remethylation of homocysteine to methionine. Ruminants are capable of synthesizing SAA from inorganic S sources, and most bacteria in the rumen can use inorganic S to meet their requirements for growth. The objective of this study was to examine whether betaine and an inorganic sulphur supplement could provide methyl groups and sulphur amino acids in a way that growth performance and wool production of ewes and lambs are improved. Treatments performed included betaine supplementation, sulphate supplementation and betaine plus sulphate supplementation with five replications for each treatment. The dry matter intake of the ewes was affected by betaine plus sulphate supplementation (p < 0.05). In the ewes, betaine plus sulphate supplementation increased (p < 0.05) the wool growth rate, wool yield, staple length and wool sulphur concentration, while decreasing wool wax and wool yellowness (p < 0.05). In the lambs, wool growth rate, wool yield, fibre diameter, staple length, staple strength, wool sulphur concentration, wool wax and fibre percentage did not differ (p > 0.05) between treatments. In the ewes, plasma methionine concentration increased (p < 0.05) with betaine plus sulphate treatment. No corresponding difference (p > 0.05) was observed in plasma methionine concentration in the lambs. It can be concluded that betaine plus sulphate supplementation has the potential to change wool characteristics in the ewes, while these compounds were without any effect on growth and wool production of the lambs. Combining the two supplements was advantageous.     

干法消解——等离子光谱法同时测定大米中的铜和镉

采用干灰化消解技术处理样品,用等离子光谱法（ICP—AES法）同时测定了大米中的铜和镉。实验结果表明：该法测定大米中的铜和镉与用国家标准方法测定结果基本一致,且该方法具有简便、快速、结果准确可靠的优点。     

菌肥对铜污染土壤玉米苗期光合特性的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了在铜(100 mg·kg-1)污染土壤中,施用菌肥(0,50,100,200 g)对不同品种玉米(晋单56号、长玉16号、大正2号)苗期光合特性(净光合速率、胞间CO2浓度、蒸腾速率和气孔导度)的影响。结果表明:(1)施入菌肥100 g,大正2号、长玉16号和晋单56号玉米的苗期净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度的值有明显的增加,且含量均高于其他处理,胞间CO2浓度均低于其他处理。(2)大正2号玉米在施用菌肥100 g处理下,苗期叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度的含量均高于其他品种玉米,而叶片的胞间CO2浓度含量低于其他品种玉米。4种光合特性的值分别为:8.34,3.08,69.3,23.3μmol·m-2·s-1。由此可见,在铜污染土壤中施入菌肥,对不同品种玉米苗期净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度均有明显的促进作用,对胞间的CO2浓度有明显的抑制作用,即大正2号玉米在施用菌肥100g时,苗期光合作用最强。     

蛋氨酸铜和硫酸铜在凡纳对虾饲料中的应用效果比较

通过在饲料中分别加入不同浓度(铜元素的添加浓度分别为0、7.5、15、30、45mg·kg-1饲料)的硫酸铜和蛋氨酸铜,比较了硫酸铜和蛋氨酸铜对凡纳对虾生长、血液免疫因子及虾体铜的影响。添加蛋氨酸铜的各实验组生长速度同对照组之间没有显著差异;而添加硫酸铜的各组,只有铜添加量为30mg·kg-1饲料的试验组生长速度显著高于对照组(P<0.05),其它组同对照组之间差异不显著;成活率各组间无显著差异。除了铜添加量为15mg·kg-1饲料的试验组,各试验组对虾血清的酚氧化酶(PO)活力都高于对照组,其中当铜添加量为30mg·kg-1时最强,在此时蛋氨酸铜添加组的PO活力高于硫酸铜;随着铜添加浓度的提高,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力增强,在添加量达到30mg·kg-1饲料时达到最大,此时硫酸铜组和蛋氨酸铜组间无差异,都为507。对虾肌肉中铜的含量各组间无显著差异,为(4.07±1.80)mg·kg-1,个体间差异非常大;肝胰脏中铜的最高含量为210.36mg·kg-1,最低为33.78mg·kg-1(空白对照组),明显高于肌肉中的含量。结果表明,在试验条件下,同硫酸铜相比,蛋氨酸铜没有显著的促生长效果,对肌肉、肝铜含量以及SOD活性没有显著影响。     

Effect of dietary iron supplement on growth, haematology and microelements of juvenile grouper, Epinephelus coioides

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary iron supplement on growth, haematology and microelements of juvenile grouper, Epinephelus coioides. Casein–gelatine‐based diets supplemented with 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 mg kg⁻¹ iron from ferrous sulphate were fed to grouper (mean initial weight: 21.0 ± 0.2 g) for 8 weeks. Weight gain was highest in fish fed the diet supplemented with 100 mg kg⁻¹ iron, intermediate in fish fed diets with 50, 150, 200 and 250 mg kg⁻¹ iron and lowest in fish fed the basal diet. Feed efficiency followed a similar trend except that the lowest value was in fish fed the basal diet and the diet supplemented with 250 mg kg⁻¹ iron. Hepatic iron was highest in fish fed diets supplemented with iron ≥100 mg kg⁻¹, followed by fish fed diet with 50 mg kg⁻¹ iron and lowest in fish fed the basal diet. The whole‐body iron was lowest in fish fed the basal diet but not significantly different from other groups, as judged by anova . Iron supplement to the basal diet had no significant effect on haematological parameters (red blood cell count, haematocrit and haemoglobin), hepatic copper concentration or manganese, zinc concentration in liver and whole body. Broken‐line analysis of hepatic iron indicated that iron supplementation of 100 mg kg⁻¹ satisfied the hepatic iron storage and that further supplementation did not expand the iron status.     

Comparison of Antioxidant Activity and Antioxidant Components in Lettuce,Onion and Tomato Obtained with Different Levels and Forms of Nitrogen Fertilization

The effect of N levels and sources on the antioxidant components in vegetable is not completely understood. Therefore, greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the changes in antioxidant capacity diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl （DPPH） and ferric reducing antioxidant power （FRAP）, total phenolics, ascorbic acid, total carotene and lycopene contents in edible portions of lettuce, onion and tomato due to different nitrogen levels and sources. The experiment included three N levels （20, 40 and 60 kg/ha for lettuce trial and 60, 120 and 180 kg/ha for either onion or tomato） and four nitrogen sources （calcium nitrate, ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate and urea）. The antioxidant capacity and phenolic contents in lettuce was enhanced under low nitrogen level, while the antioxidant capacities, phenolics, carotenoids and lycopene in tomato fruits were not significantly affected by the nitrogen dose applied. Application of calcium nitrate caused 50% increase in DPPH and 20% in FRAP of lettuce compared to other nitrogen forms. Tomato treated with calcium nitrate or ammonium sulphate had higher phenolic and ascorbic acid contents than treated plants with ammonium nitrate or urea. Antioxidant tested parameters of onion were not significantly affected by the nitrogen treatments. Nitrogen concentration in tomato fruits significantly correlated with FRAP antioxidant capacity, phenolics, ascorbic acid, carotene and lycopene contents.     

Effect of Biogas Digested Liquid on OH4 and N2O Flux in Paddy Ecosystem

Biogas production generates digested slurry as a byproduct. It can be used as a fertilizer especially after its conversion into digested liquid. A pot based study was conducted in order to evaluate the effect of the application of digested liquid on CH4 and N2O flux, and plant biomass in paddy. Analysis revealed that digested liquid treated soils released more CH4 compared to ammonium sulphate and the control. Ammonium sulphate treated soil emitted the highest N20 whereas digested liquid application decreased its emission significantly. Further, the cumulative emission over 101 d of the experiment was found to be higher for CHa （16.9 to 29.9 g m^-2） compared to N20 （-49.3 to 18.9 mg m^-2） for all treatments. Digested liquid application had positive impact on plant variables such as panicle number and weight of panicles. This study suggests that digested liquid application significantly decrease N20 emission and increase CH4 emission possibly due to affecting the availability of organic C in the soil to microbial activity for methanogenesis. Another possibility for enhancing CH4 emission by following biogas digested liquid could be attributed to the increase in plant biomass.     

季铵铜防腐木中有效成分总流失率的动力学分析

以季铵铜防腐剂处理的南方松为试材,参照美国AWPA E11-06标准,分析10、30和50℃3种温度条件下防腐木中有效成分的总流失率,并基于时间-温度叠加原理,运用阿伦尼乌斯方程,进行总流失率的动力学分析.结果表明:3种温度条件下铜和DDAC的流失趋势是一致的.根据铜和DDAC总流失率,得出防腐木表面的活化能为Ea=54.59 kJ/moL,相关系数R2达到0.98以上,拟合性较好,由此证明可以用动力学分析方法预测ACQ防腐材中铜和DDAC在10～50℃温度范围内总流失率变化.     

铜离子吸附对可变电荷土壤与恒电荷土壤铝释放的影响

研究了两种可变电荷土壤和两种恒电荷土壤在不同铜离子浓度条件下,pH对铝释放的影响.结果显示,随着加入铜离子浓度的增加,由铜离子交换作用而引起的可溶性铝也随之增加,相同pH条件下,可溶性铝的解吸量依次为砖红壤＞红壤＞黄棕壤＞棕壤,恒电荷土壤中铜离子浓度变化对铝释放的影响较可变电荷土壤更大,当pH大于3.6(恒电荷土壤)或pH大于4.0(可变电荷土壤)时,溶液中可溶性铝的含量几乎可以忽略不计.因此在所研究的铜离子浓度范围内,引起可溶性铝离子量变化的主导因素应该是体系pH值的变化而非铜离子的吸附.     

草鱼外周血白细胞组成及其受胁迫和感染的影响

为了得到可反映草鱼（Ctenopharyngodon idellus）健康状况的血细胞指标的基础数据,对4 种不同质量规 格的草鱼进行白细胞分类计数研究,并观察草鱼在硫酸铜、敌百虫处理以及多子小瓜虫感染后白细胞组成的变化。 结果表明,1 000 g组和500 g组规格草鱼的淋巴细胞比例显著高于250 g组,1 000 g组和500 g组规格草鱼的中性 粒细胞比例显著低于60 g组和250 g组。硫酸铜处理组的淋巴细胞分类计数显著高于对照组;高浓度敌百虫处理组 草鱼的淋巴和血栓细胞分类计数显著高于对照组;多子小瓜虫感染组草鱼中性粒细胞分类计数极显著下降,淋巴细 胞分类计数显著上升。说明个体大小、理化胁迫因子和病原感染都会影响草鱼白细胞组成比例。