Further suppression of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Botrytis cinerea</Emphasis> disease in cucumber seedlings by chitosan-copper complex as compared with chitosan alone

Chitosan-copper complex compared with chitosan alone enhanced suppression ofBotrytis cinerea rot development on four-true-leaf cucumber seedlings in controlled growth chambers. This paper constitutes the first report of such enhancement. The optimal concentrations for the most effective suppression ofBotrytis development were 0.2 gl ⁻¹ chitosan and 1.6 mmole copper. After 12 days’ incubation, marked and significantly better disease suppression was obtained with chitosan-copper complex (75% suppression) than with chitosan alone. The chitosan-copper complex could be a very promising decay control agent for use in both conventional and organic agriculture. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 18, 2002.     

稻田土壤CH4排放及其关联微生物功能基因丰度对磺胺二甲嘧啶和铜污染的响应

为了研究畜禽粪便中磺胺类兽用抗生素磺胺二甲嘧啶(Sulfamethazine,SMZ)和典型重金属铜(Copper,Cu)复合污染对稻田土壤CH_4排放及其微生物相关功能基因丰度的影响,以猪粪为肥源,设置无污染、低、中、高4种SMZ和Cu不同污染水平的浓度,SMZ分别为0、0.1、1、5 mg·kg~(-1),Cu分别为0、100、500、1 500 mg·kg~(-1),两两组合共计16个处理,通过长时间室内模拟淹水培养实验,定期测定CH_4排放速率和相关土壤功能基因丰度,以期探索SMZ和Cu单一及复合污染影响CH_4排放和相关功能基因丰度的浓度效应及影响时长。结果表明:培养前期(0～12 d),不同浓度的SMZ和Cu未显著影响CH_4排放速率(P0.05);培养中后期(13～71 d),单一低浓度SMZ(0.1 mg·kg~(-1))处理对CH_4排放具有促进作用,高浓度SMZ(≥1 mg·kg~(-1))则反之,单一Cu污染及与不同浓度的SMZ复合污染处理均显著降低了CH_4排放速率(P0.05)。与对照(SMZ和Cu零添加)相比,除单一低浓度SMZ(0.1 mg·kg~(-1))处理的CH_4累积排放量增加了19.7%外,其他处理均显著降低了CH_4排放,尤其Cu和SMZ(≥1 mg·kg~(-1))复合污染处理显著降低了约77%(P0.05)。SMZ单一污染对16S rRNA-CH_4、mcr A和pmo A的基因丰度均有明显的浓度效应和输入时间效应,Cu单一污染则未有明显的浓度和时间效应,两者复合污染的联合作用比较复杂,主要取决于两污染物的起始浓度及SMZ输入土壤的时间。无论SMZ和Cu单一还是复合污染,中高浓度在培养的后期对三大基因丰度的影响均以降低为主,且pmo A基因丰度对Cu和SMZ单一及复合污染响应更敏感。研究表明,SMZ和Cu在一定程度上会降低稻田土壤CH_4排放及相关微生物基因丰度,有利于温室气体减排,但规模化养殖业畜禽粪便还田后导致抗生素和重金属高残留的环境风险仍不可忽视。     

Nonphytotoxic copper oxide nanoparticles are powerful “nanoweapons” that trigger resistance in tobacco against the soil-borne fungal pathogen Phytophthora nicotianae

Investigations into the potential application of nanoparticles acting as nanofungicides in sustainable agriculture are rapidly expanding due to the high antimicrobial properties of these compounds, which do not risk inducing pathogen resistance to fungicides.  A detailed understanding of the impact of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) on soil-borne phytopathogenic fungi is yet to be obtained.  This study aimed to explore the in vitro antifungal activity and control efficacy of CuO NPs applied via irrigation with respect to tobacco black shank (TBS) disease caused by Phytophthora nicotianae.  The results revealed that CuO NPs greatly interfered with the reproductive growth process of this fungus, repressing hyphal growth, spore germination and sporangium production.  Additionally, morphological damage, intracellular ROS accumulation and increased SOD enzyme activity in hyphae were the antifungicidal mechanisms of these NPs.  In pot experiments, treatment with CuO NPs at 100 mg L^–1 significantly suppressed TBS development, compared with the effect on control plants, and the control efficacy reached 33.69% without inducing phytotoxicity.  Exposure to CuO NPs significantly activated a series of defense enzymes, and resistance genes in tobacco can further explain the mechanisms by which CuO NPs suppressed fungal infection.  The Cu content in both the leaves and roots of P. nicotianae-infested plants increased by 50.03 and 27.25%, respectively, after treatment with 100 mg L^–1 CuO NPs, compared with that of healthy plants.  In particular, a higher Cu content was observed in infected roots than in leaves.  Therefore, this study showed the potential of CuO NPs applied as nanofungicides and as nanoinducers of fungus resistance genes for the management of TBS through inhibition of pathogen infection and stimulation of plant defenses.     

基于斜率比法评定断奶仔猪对不同铜源的相对生物学利用率

本试验旨在研究不同铜源（硫酸铜、碱式氯化铜和柠檬酸铜）和铜添加水平（20和30 mg/kg）对断奶仔猪生长性能、血清铜含量与含铜酶活性以及组织铜含量的影响,探讨断奶仔猪对不同铜源的相对生物学利用率。试验采用3×2双因子随机区组设计,选取平均体重为（8.98±0.48） kg的杜×长×大三元杂交断奶仔猪112头,随机分为7组,每组4个重复,每个重复4头猪。对照组饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮（铜含量为7.80 mg/kg）,各试验组分别在基础饲粮中添加20或30 mg/kg硫酸铜、碱式氯化铜或柠檬酸铜（均以铜含量计）。试验预试期3 d,正试期28 d。结果表明：1）试验组与对照组断奶仔猪平均日增重、平均日采食量和料重比均无显著差异（P>0.05）。2）饲粮铜源和铜添加水平对断奶仔猪血清铜含量具有显著影响（P<0.05）,但对血清铜蓝蛋白和铜锌超氧化物歧化酶活性均无显著影响（P>0.05）。3）饲粮铜源和铜添加水平对断奶仔猪肝脏铜含量具有显著影响（P<0.05）,但对心脏、肾脏、胰脏和跖骨铜含量均无显著影响（P>0.05）。4）根据多元线性回归斜率比法计算,以血清铜...     

铜锌对华北落叶松多酚氧化酶活性的影响

以华北落叶松3年生幼苗为试验材料,对不同生育期4种处理(对照、锌、铜、铜 锌)下各器官(叶、枝、干、主根、侧根)多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性进行测定分析,结果表明:华北落叶松幼苗各器官内多酚氧化酶活性差异极为显著,干中PPO活性在3月达225.2 U·g-1,而叶中PPO活性在5月仅为57.3 U·g-1.叶子中PPO活性呈递增变化趋势,10月最高,枝、干、主根、侧根的PPO活性在年循环周期内呈规律性变化,7月均达高峰期.铜、锌对各器官内PPO活性有明显的影响,而且与生育期有关.铜对PPO活性的增强作用达显著水平,尤以枝最为突出,10月份铜处理后枝中PPO活性比对照提高95.1%;锌对主根PPO活性的提高也有较明显影响,对其他器官PPO活性有不同程度的抑制作用.10月份锌处理后干中PPO活性比对照下降35.5%;铜、锌互作对干和主根PPO活性的提高表现出较大的协同作用.华北落叶松幼苗体内铜元素含量与PPO活性呈显著的正相关,铜、锌元素通过影响PPO活性而影响幼苗的生长及抗寒性.     

Hatch rate of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque 1818) eggs treated with 100 mg L−1 copper sulphate pentahydrate

Catfish hatcheries use copper sulphate pentahydrate (CuSO₄·5H₂O) as an economical control for saprolegniasis on eggs. This study determines hatch rate of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque 1818), eggs in hatching troughs containing 23.8 °C flow‐through well water when treated with 100 mg L^?1 CuSO₄·5H₂O (10 times the proposed therapeutic dose). Eggs were treated daily until the embryos reached the eyed stage. Fry survival in the control and 100 mg L^?1 CuSO₄·5H₂O treatments was significantly different (15% and 71% respectively). This study demonstrates that there is a considerable margin of safety in using CuSO₄·5H₂O as a catfish egg treatment to control saprolegniasis.     

纳米级小肽螯合铜对小白鼠生长性能和免疫器官的影响

此试验的目的是探讨以硫酸铜、碱式氯化铜、蛋氨酸铜、纳米铜和纳米小肽螯合铜等不同铜源供给形式对小白鼠生长性能和免疫器官的影响。将120只18日龄小白鼠随机分为6个处理组,分别为Ⅰ（小肽＋硫酸铜组）、Ⅱ（硫酸铜组）、Ⅲ（碱式氯化铜组）、Ⅳ（蛋氨酸铜）、Ⅴ（纳米铜组）和Ⅵ（纳米小肽螯合铜）等,每个处理组设4个重复,每个重复5只小白鼠。饲喂试验分0～5d、6～12d、13～19d、20～26d和27～53d五个阶段。其中0～5d为预试验期,后四个阶段为试验期。预试期和试验期各处理组采用相同的基础日粮。试验期Ⅰ～Ⅵ组饲粮铜的含量（以铜计）在6～12d、15～19d、20～26d和27～55d四个阶段分别为2．5mg、5mg、10mg及15mg。结果表明,纳米小肽螯合铜能有效促进小鼠增重。采食不同铜源日粮对小鼠免疫器官指数的影响随饲养日龄增大而减小,并随铜的供给量由低剂量变化到正常剂量而差异减小。     

鱼藤酮-壳聚糖接枝物农药纳米粒子水分散制剂研究

通过全天然产物蓖麻油酸酐(RAN)与羧甲基壳聚糖(CMC)的酰化反应,合成了羧甲基壳聚糖接技蓖麻油酸(CMC-g-RA)共聚物。探讨了原料的相对分子质量、 RAN与CMC分子上氨基的物质的量之比、反应温度和溶剂等因素对产物取代度的影响。以CMC-g-RA为载体,通过在中性水中自组装大分子胶束的增溶作用,与植物源农药鱼藤酮(Rot)一起制备了一种新型的农药纳米粒子水分散剂。对其粒径、粒径分布、表面电荷、形态结构和Rot的负载率等物理性能进行了表征,探讨了CMC-g-RA和Rot溶液的浓度对纳米粒子各相关性能的影响。结果表明:所形成的纳米粒子干燥后外观形态呈密实光滑的球状,粒径在200~500 nm之间,具有较窄的粒径分布,表面带负电荷;该纳米粒子的Zeta电位值随CMC-g-RA和Rot质量浓度的升高而增大,在-40~-70 mV之间;Rot的负载率在20%~68%范围内。研究表明,改变Rot和CMC-g-RA溶液的质量浓度配比,可调节纳米粒子的物理性能;控制农药的负载率,有助于调控该新型制剂速效与缓释之间的关系。     

SiO2纳米颗粒对杉木幼苗生长发育的影响

【目的】近年来,硅对于的植物影响受到人们广泛关注,人们试图将硅确定为植物生长发育的的“必要元素”。因此如何提高植物对硅的吸收利用来增加植物的农艺性状和产量,是当前农业和林业研究的一个重要课题。【方法】以黄枝杉Cunninghamia lanceolata和罗田垂枝杉C.lanceolata var.luotian为材料,采用盆栽的方式,研究施加不同浓度的纳米SiO2颗粒(0、1、2、4 g/盆)对杉木幼苗光合参数、叶绿素荧光、叶片厚度、氮磷钾含量及其分配、生物量累积的影响。【结果】本研究结果显示,SiO2纳米颗粒对杉木根系的生长发育有很大的促进作用,使之能更好的吸收养分,加强了氮磷钾含量的累积。且叶片的厚度也有所增加,在较低的浓度下,气孔导度、光合作用机制、以及光合作用效率增加;地上的生物量也随着施入SiO2纳米颗粒浓度的增加而增加。【结论】我们的实验表明,SiO2纳米颗粒通过促进根系发育加强对营养的吸收和提升叶片厚度,以及提高净光合速率和气孔导度来提高植物的生长机理,进而增加植物的生物量来提升产量。鉴于其对植物生长发育及产量的多种积极影响,硅纳米材料将会为农林植物增产有重要的影响和广阔的前景。     

Metal‐Associated Forms and Speciation in Biosolid‐Amended Oxisols

Abstract

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of pH and ionic strength on the distribution and speciation of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and cadmium (Cd) in surface soil samples from two Brazilian Oxisols amended with biosolids. Soils and biosolids were equilibrated in an experimental dual‐chamber diffusion apparatus that permits the soils and biosolids to react through a solution phase via diffusion across a membrane. After equilibrium was reached, soil and biosolids samples were sequentially fractionated to identify various solid forms of Zn, Cu, and Cd. Metal concentrations in the solution phase were determined and mass balance calculated. Equilibrating pH had no major effect on Cu solubility from biosolids and, at pH range from 4 to 7, most Cu remained in the biosolids. Soluble Zn and Cd concentration increased with decreasing pH because of the increased solubility of the biosolids. Copper and Zn were primarily associated with the residual fraction and Fe oxides in one soil, but were primarily associated with chemically unstable fractions, or adsorbed to the surface of oxides, in the other soil. In both soils, Cd was primarily associated with readily bioavailable fractions. The effect of pH on the metal distribution was more evident than the ionic strength effect. Free ions were the predominant metal species in solution, especially at lower pH values.