Oxidative Stress Induced by Cadmium and Copper in Brassica rapa Leaves: Indicators of Stress,Oxidative Damage,and Antioxidant Mechanisms

Brassica rapa is frequently used as a vegetable for human consumption and can accumulate metals that are bioavailable in soils. We studied the oxidative stress induced by 25 μM cadmium (Cd) and 50 μM copper (Cu) on Brassica rapa leaves and evaluated the intracellular antioxidative plant response mechanisms and the accumulation of these metals. With this purpose, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) concentration, lipid peroxidation, and enzymatic and nonenzymatic responses was determined. The obtained results indicate that Cd and Cu induced different plant responses. Oxidative stress induced by Cu was characterized by increased lipid peroxidation and free proline levels. Guaiacol peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase showed a relevant role in H₂O₂ removal. Cadmium did not influence lipid peroxidation, H₂O₂, proline and glutathione contents, and the enzymatic response mainly involves superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase. It was concluded that both excess Cu and Cd induced oxidative stress but plant response is characterized by different antioxidative response mechanisms.     

铜与乙草胺对浮萍的联合毒性效应

采用以体数、鲜重和叶绿素为测试指标的浮萍生长抑制试验（ISO20079）,评价了Cu和乙草胺单一和复合污染的毒性效应。结果表明,cu和乙草胺单一污染对浮萍上述指标均具有显著的抑制作用,且Cu的毒性大于乙草胺。Cu和乙草胺对浮萍的联合毒性作用与浓度组合及暴露时间密切相关：当采用浓度1：1进行试验时,暴露时间为24h的相加指数（AI）为0．057,联合毒性为相加作用;暴露时间为48、96、168h的AI分别为0．193、0．509、0．783,为协同作用。而当采用毒性1：1进行试验时,暴露时间为24h的AI为－0．163,为拮抗作用;48h的AI为0．029,为相加作用;96、168h的A1分别为0．471、0．585,为协同作用。总的来说,随着暴露时间的延长,联合毒性表现为协同作用。     

北京市菜地土壤和蔬菜中铜含量及其健康风险

根据蔬菜消费量和兼顾品种多样性的原则,在北京市规模化蔬菜栽培基地和蔬菜批发市场分别采集53个菜地土壤和100种蔬菜416个样品,以研究蔬菜和土壤铜含量及其健康风险,并评价不同蔬菜品种对土壤铜的富集能力。结果表明,与北京市土壤背景值相比,北京市菜地土壤铜积累明显,其含量范围、算术均值、中值、几何均值分别为6.0￣65.2、24.5、23.2和22.7 mg.kg-1,菜地土壤铜含量均低于《土壤环境质量标准》的蔬菜地土壤质量标准;北京市蔬菜铜含量符合对数正态分布,其含量范围、算术均值和几何均值分别为0.024￣8.25、0.713和0.505 mg.kg-1鲜重;瓜果类蔬菜铜含量显著高于叶菜类和根茎类蔬菜,特菜类铜含量显著高于叶菜类蔬菜。北京市裸露地蔬菜铜含量显著高于设施栽培蔬菜,但北京市本地产蔬菜和外地产蔬菜铜含量差异不显著。铜含量与对土壤铜的富集能力以云架豆为最高,因而其抗污染能力较差,茄子、辣椒、小白菜和大葱铜含量次之,冬瓜、黄瓜、大白菜、西红柿、甘蓝、萝卜、叶甜菜和部分特菜最低。估算表明,北京市居民从蔬菜中摄入铜的量为815.6μg.人-.1d-1,目前尚无明显的健康风险。     

多宝山铜矿开发的必要性及对其资源环境的影响

以黑龙江多宝山铜矿为例,探讨了开发东北、内蒙地区国有林区大型矿区的深远影响,并从生物多样性、生态效能、景观风貌、环境质量等多方面着手,重点分析了开发多宝山铜矿对国有林区森林资源和生态环境的影响,最后提出了相应的建议与措施。     

铜矿区重金属污染分异规律初步研究

针对江西德兴铜矿、安徽铜陵铜矿和江苏九华铜矿的矿区典型污染土壤现状进行了初步研究,分析了铜矿区环境现状,提出了一些可能对策的建议。研究发现,3个矿区典型污染土壤各自表现出不同的污染状况。三个铜矿尾矿砂中铜含量超标,其高低次序为德兴铜矿>铜陵铜矿>九华铜矿,而锌含量顺序依次为铜陵铜矿>九华铜矿>德兴铜矿。矿区周围土壤以铜污染为主,锌有部分超标情况发生。同时,在矿区典型土壤生长的作物中,铜、铅、锌、镉都有超标的情况,部分作物重金属含量超过食品卫生标准达10—20倍之多。被调查的多种植物中也存在重金属含量过高的结果。     

日粮添加硒碘铜对宁夏地区奶牛生产和繁殖性能的影响

选择宁夏地区８５８头奶牛进行日粮添加硒、碘、铜试验,其中对照组２６７头,其余分别添加硒、碘,硒、铜,或硒、碘、铜。于添加前后４次采样,测定血液和肝脏的硒、碘、铜含量。结果表明：添加硒和碘的奶牛血硒、肝脏和血清蛋白结合碘极显著地高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）,白肌病发病率由１７．９％至０;死胎、弱犊发生率由２２．９７％降至６．７９％;硒、碘、铜组奶牛妊娠率,平均情期受胎率和一次情期受胎率分别上升１０．４     

Metal‐Associated Forms and Speciation in Biosolid‐Amended Oxisols

Abstract

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of pH and ionic strength on the distribution and speciation of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and cadmium (Cd) in surface soil samples from two Brazilian Oxisols amended with biosolids. Soils and biosolids were equilibrated in an experimental dual‐chamber diffusion apparatus that permits the soils and biosolids to react through a solution phase via diffusion across a membrane. After equilibrium was reached, soil and biosolids samples were sequentially fractionated to identify various solid forms of Zn, Cu, and Cd. Metal concentrations in the solution phase were determined and mass balance calculated. Equilibrating pH had no major effect on Cu solubility from biosolids and, at pH range from 4 to 7, most Cu remained in the biosolids. Soluble Zn and Cd concentration increased with decreasing pH because of the increased solubility of the biosolids. Copper and Zn were primarily associated with the residual fraction and Fe oxides in one soil, but were primarily associated with chemically unstable fractions, or adsorbed to the surface of oxides, in the other soil. In both soils, Cd was primarily associated with readily bioavailable fractions. The effect of pH on the metal distribution was more evident than the ionic strength effect. Free ions were the predominant metal species in solution, especially at lower pH values.     

15N-Urea Efficiency in Maize as Influenced by Humic Substances and Urease Inhibitors Treatments

Urea treated with urease inhibitors (UI) in association with humic substances (HS) is expected to improve urea efficiency by reducing ammonia losses and also provide the benefits of HS such as improve nitrogen (N) recovery by plants. Ammonia volatilization (AV), ¹⁵N recovery efficiency in the soil (NRE) and ¹⁵N use efficiency (NUE) were evaluated in maize (Zea mays L.) in a greenhouse pot trial. Treatments consisted of ¹⁵N-urea treated with UI (0, 0.4% boron (B) +0.15% copper (Cu), 0.64% B, and NBPT (N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide)) and three levels of HS (0%, 0.6%, and 1.2%). A control treatment (without N) was also included. N treatments were applied at V4 (vegetative leaf stage 4) on soil surface. HS was not efficient on AV reduction, NBPT had the greatest reduction in AV, and B had higher efficiency on AV reduction than Cu. At V8 (vegetative leaf stage 8), NBPT had the greatest NUE followed by B. At VT (tassel fully emerged), NUE from urea treated with NBPT reduced when increased levels of HS, and NBPT had the greatest NRE. UI in association with HS treated-urea does not reduce AV and it does not improve NUE by maize in vegetative stages.     

有机肥非水溶性分解产物对 铜 、镉吸附及解吸的影响

研究了稻草、紫云英和猪粪淹水培养的非水溶性分解产物、两种土壤( 红壤、潮土) 与这 3 种有机肥共同淹水培养后的非水溶性产物( 水溶性物质被除去) 对铜、镉的沉淀、吸附及解吸作 用的影响。 结果表明, 当铜初始浓度为 10-4mol/ L, pH <6 时有机残渣促进铜的沉淀;当 pH >6 时则抑制了铜的沉淀。 当铜初始浓度降为 10-5mol/ L 时, 有机残渣对铜沉淀的促进作用加强。 3 种有机残渣均促进镉的沉淀, 但促进程度比铜低。 与有机肥共同培养的红壤, 在相同的 pH 条 件下, 提高对铜、镉的吸附;在不调节 pH 条件下, 由于有机肥料有提高 pH 的作用, 进一步提高 对铜 、镉的吸附。 与有机肥共同培养的潮土, 在相同的 pH 条件下, 对铜、镉吸附的影响很小;在 不调节 pH 时, 提高了潮土对铜的吸附, 但对镉吸附的影响则较复杂。 上述结果表明, 有机肥的 非水溶性分解产物主要通过提高体系的 pH 值、与铜、镉形成不溶性的络合物而影响铜、镉的吸 附。 与有机物料共同培养的红壤所吸附的铜、镉的解吸率均不同程度降低。     

Effects of silver nanoparticles on the microbiota and enzyme activity in soil

To assess the impact of silver nanoparticles (SNP) on soil microbial biomass, microbial activity, and enzyme activities, a medium‐term experiment over four months was performed in which soil was applied with increasing SNP‐application rates compared to a control. The treatments included a single SNP‐application dose analogous to 3.2 (SNP‐1), 32 (SNP‐10), and 320 (SNP‐100) μg Ag (kg dry soil)^–1 and a control without SNP application, respectively. At the end of the experiment, clear evidence was found that microbial biomass was significantly decreased with increasing SNP‐application rate, while basal respiration was increased in this direction. In addition, metabolic quotients were increased in the SNP treatments compared to the control. This is at least circumstantial evidence that the efficiency of substrate use was lowered in SNP‐treated soils. Another suggestion might be that after four months microbial‐community composition was changed due to SNP. No treatment effects were found for microbial biomass N, fluorimetric enzymes, and the abiotic soil parameters pH and soil organic C.