Trace mineral source impacts rumen trace mineral metabolism and fiber digestion in steers fed a medium-quality grass hay diet

Twelve Angus steers (BW 452.8 ± 6.1 kg) fitted with ruminal cannulae were used to determine the impact of trace mineral (TM) source on digestibility, ruminal volatile fatty acid (VFA) composition, ruminal soluble concentrations of Cu, Zn, and Mn, and relative binding strength of trace minerals located in the rumen insoluble digesta fraction. Steers were fed a medium-quality grass hay diet (DM basis: 10.8% CP, 63.1% neutral detergent fiber [NDF], 6.9 mg Cu/kg, 65.5 mg Mn/kg, and 39.4 mg Zn/kg) supplemented with protein for 21 d. Treatments consisted of either sulfate (STM) or hydroxy (HTM) sources (n = 6 steers/treatment) to provide 20, 40, and 60 mg supplemental Cu, Mn, and Zn/kg DM, respectively. Following a 21-d adaptation period, total fecal output was collected for 5 d. Dry matter (P < 0.07) and CP (P < 0.06) digestibility tended to be reduced, and NDF (P < 0.04) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) (P < 0.05) digestibility were reduced in STM- vs. HTM-supplemented steers. On day 6, ruminal fluid was collected at 0, 2, and 4 h post-feeding and analyzed for VFA. There were no treatment x time interactions for VFA. Steers receiving HTM had less (P < 0.02) molar proportions of butyric acid and greater (P < 0.05) total VFA concentrations than STM-supplemented steers. Steers were then fed the same diet without supplemental Cu, Zn, or Mn for 14 d. On day 15 steers received a pulse dose of 20 mg Cu, 40 mg Mn, and 60 mg Zn/kg DM from either STM or HTM (n = 6 steers/treatment). Ruminal samples were obtained at 2-h intervals starting at −4 and ending at 24 h relative to dosing. There was a treatment x time interaction (P < 0.03) for ruminal soluble Cu, Mn, and Zn concentrations. Ruminal soluble mineral concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) for Cu at 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 h; for Mn at 4 and 6 h; and for Zn at 4, 6, and 8 h post-dosing in STM compared with HTM-supplemented steers. Copper concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) at 12 and 24 h and Zn concentrations in ruminal solid digesta were greater at 24 h in HTM-supplemented steers. Upon dialysis against Tris-EDTA, the percent Zn released from digesta was greater (P < 0.05) at 12 h (P < 0.03) and 24 h (P < 0.05), and the percent Cu released was greater (P < 0.02) at 24 h post-dosing in HTM steers when compared with STM-supplemented steers. Results indicate that Cu and Zn from HTM have low solubility in the rumen and appear to be less tightly bound to ruminal solid digesta than Cu and Zn from STM. The lower ruminal soluble concentrations of Cu and Zn in steers given HTM were associated with greater fiber digestibility.     

日粮铜钼水平对辽宁绒山羊营养物质消化代谢的影响

试验研究日粮铜(Cu)钼(Mo)添加水平对辽宁绒山羊营养物质消化代谢的影响.选用18月龄体重相近、安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的辽宁绒山羊羯羊12只,采用完全随机分组试验设计,分为4组,每组3只.试验分为Mo0期和Mo5期:Mo0期日粮为基础日粮中不加Mo,Mo5期日粮在基础日粮上加Mo(DM)5 mg/kg;每期设4个Cu水平,在基础日粮中添加的Cu(DM)分别为0、19、28和38 mg/kg.结果表明:1)日粮中添加Cu显著提高了辽宁绒山羊的干物质消化率、ADF和NDF的表观消化率,显著降低了干物质采食量和Cu的表观消化率(P<0.05).2)日粮中添加Mo能显著提高ADF、NDF及Cu的表观消化率,但显著降低了氮的表观消化率(P<0.05).3)Cu与Mo互作对干物质消化率、ADF和NDF的表观消化率影响差异显著(P<0.05).在辽宁绒山羊绒毛快速生长期,日粮中添加Mo(DM)5 mg/kg,Cu(DM)19 mg/kg营养物质消化效果最佳.     

黑藻吸附Cd~(2+)和Cu~(2+)的拓展Langmuir模型研究

运用沉水植物修复低浓度重金属污染是一种廉价和清洁的技术。采用摇床振荡试验方法,研究了不同pH条件下,沉水植物——轮叶黑藻鲜样对重金属镉和铜的吸附特征。结果表明,pH值对吸附结果影响较大,黑藻对镉和铜的吸附,最适宜的pH值分别为7.0和5.0。在选用的3个拓展Langmuir模型中,模型A拟合效果最好,模型B大大低估了黑藻对重金属镉和铜的吸附能力,模型C则略偏高,表明沉水植物黑藻对重金属镉和铜的吸附与离子所带电荷关系不大,且没有产生吸附剂-重金属-H+的复合式吸附产物(BMH)。运用模型A的回归参数,绘制的三维吸附网格图清晰阐明了不同H+浓度下,黑藻对重金属镉和铜的吸附曲面特征。拓展Langmuir模型A的计算值与实测值的对比表明:24mg·L-1≤C0≤72mg·L-1时,78%的镉吸附量计算值与实测值偏差控制在22%以内,90%的铜吸附量计算值与实测值偏差控制在10%以内。研究不同pH条件下黑藻对镉和铜的生物吸附特征,将有助于对沉水植物修复低浓度重金属污染技术的理解和规范。     

矸石添加对铜尾矿中香根草生长及生理生态的影响

为了探索矸石作为改良剂用于尾矿生态修复,通过盆栽试验,将矸石按一定比例(0,1%,2.5%,5%,10%和15%)添加入铜尾砂,基于铜尾砂理化性质变化,探索矸石对尾砂中香根草生理生态的作用特点。结果表明:矸石添加入铜尾砂后,提高了基质pH、有机质和营养元素含量,降低了有效态重金属浓度(Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn),改善了尾矿贫瘠环境。随矸石添加比例增加,香根草体内重金属浓度呈下降趋势,生物量和光合色素含量呈现低促高抑性变化。同时,可溶性蛋白质和脯氨酸含量随矸石添加比例增加而增加,MDA随添加比例增加而降低,低添加比例的矸石选择性提升了SOD和CAT酶活性,增强了香根草清除体内多余活性氧的能力。矸石加入铜尾砂可稳定铜尾矿中有效态重金属,也能在一定添加比例内,提高香根草抵御铜尾矿胁迫环境的能力。     

Chemical control of two Phytophthora species infecting the canopy of Monterey pine (Pinus radiata)

Twelve active ingredients were screened for their ability to control foliage disease caused by Phytophthora kernoviae and Phytophthora pluvialis. Inhibition of mycelial growth and sporangial production of both pathogens were assessed in in vitro assays after exposure to three concentrations of each active ingredient. While most of these active ingredients inhibited mycelial growth in vitro, due to their widespread use, phosphite, copper oxychloride and metalaxyl‐M were selected for further study. Four rates of each active ingredient were applied to two Pinus radiata genotypes, and detached needle assays at 6 and 90 days post‐treatment were used to determine treatment efficacy and persistence. Untreated needles showed significantly larger lesions than all fungicide‐treated needles after exposure to P. pluvialis or P. kernoviae on both sampling dates. Efficacy and persistence of the three active ingredients did not increase with increase in concentration. Larger lesions were formed on more susceptible genotype after inoculation with both Phytophthora species, even when higher rates of active ingredients were applied. Phosphite, copper oxychloride and metalaxyl‐M have potential to protect commercially planted P. radiata from these two Phytophthora species.     

Effect of Copper Deficient Diet on Gut Microbiota in Mice

Copper is an essencial metal for animals to maintain fat metabolism and other important reactions.In order to study the effect of copper deficient diets on composition of intestinal microbiota and their metabolic pathways, 20 health C57BL/6 adult mice with similar body weight were chosen and fed chow diet for 7 d,and then divided into 2 groups.The mice in control group fed with copper deficient diet and 25 mg/L copper water while the experimental group mice were fed copper deficient diet and copper free water for one month.At the end of the test,the blood samples were collected to determine the ceruloplasmin content,and the caecum content were used to analyze the 16S rRNA genome by high throughput sequencing. The results showed that compared with control group,the ceruloplasmin content in experimental group was extremely significantly decreased (P < 0.001).And there were 5 siginificant differences microorganism in phylum level and 43 in genus level (P<0.05). There were 19 significant different pathways in the second grade of KEGG (P<0.05),in which metabolic-related functions were lipid metabolism, glycine biosynthesis and metabolism,metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides,biosynthesis of other secondary metabolisms and amino acid metabolism,indicating that the absence of copper in diets could alter the structure of some microbial flora and the changes of the relevant functions. It provided an important idea for studying the function of copper in the structure and metabolism of intestinal colonies in mice.     

无铜饲料对小鼠肠道菌群的影响

铜是动物机体必需的金属元素,参与重要的代谢反应。本试验旨在研究无铜饲料对小鼠肠道微生物菌落组成和相关代谢通路的影响,选择健康、体重相近、遗传背景为野生型C57BL/6J的成年公鼠20只,随机分为2组,试验组和对照组各10只。待小鼠适应性饲养1周后用无铜饲料饲喂,对照组饲喂25 mg/L含铜水,试验组饲喂无铜水,试验期30 d。试验期结束时,尾静脉采血进行铜蓝蛋白含量的测定,并采集小鼠新鲜盲肠内容物利用高通量测序技术对小鼠的盲肠内容物16S rRNA基因组进行分析。结果显示,与对照组相比,无铜组小鼠血清铜蓝蛋白含量极显著降低（P < 0.001）。无铜组小鼠盲肠微生物菌群在门、属水平分别与对照组有5和43个差异显著菌群（P < 0.05）;通过差异菌群功能预测分析发现,两组共有19种KEGG二级代谢通路差异显著（P<0.05）,其中与代谢相关的功能是脂代谢、甘氨酸生物合成与代谢、多酮类化合物和萜类化合物代谢、其他次生代谢产物的生物合成和氨基酸代谢,说明饲料中铜的缺失可以改变少数肠道菌群的组成及其功能,本试验为研究铜在小鼠肠道菌群结构及代谢中的功能提供了重要思路。     

日粮铜水平对鹅血液和组织中铜含量的影响

为了研究日粮铜水平对鹅血液和组织中铜含量的影响,试验将1周龄的四川白鹅随机分为4组,1、2、3、4组分别饲喂铜水平为39.55,127.60,194.75,255.22 mg/kg的日粮,在鹅4,6,8,10,12周龄时对血液、肝脏、胸肌和皮下脂肪中的铜含量进行测定,然后采用多因素方差分析方法分析日粮铜水平、周龄与性别三因素对鹅血液和组织中铜含量的影响.结果表明,日粮铜水平对鹅血液、肝脏中的铜含量无显著影响(P＞0.05),而2组(饲喂铜水平为127.60 mg/kg日粮)鹅胸肌铜含量显著高于1组(饲喂基础日粮,铜水平为39.55 mg/kg) (P＜0.05),4组(饲喂铜水平为255.22 mg/kg日粮)鹅皮脂中铜含量极显著高于其他3组(P＜0.01);另外,周龄对鹅血液、肝脏、胸肌和皮脂中的铜含量均有极显著影响(P＜0.01);性别因素对鹅血液和组织中的铜含量没有显著影响(P＞0.05).     

植物铜伴侣蛋白的研究进展

铜是植物生长发育所必需的微量元素,是参与生命基本过程的辅因子。铜伴侣蛋白在运输铜离子、参与目的蛋白的装配及保护机体免受游离铜离子毒害等方面发挥重要作用。因此,铜伴侣蛋白对植物体内铜稳态的调节具有重要的贡献。为了促进植物铜伴侣蛋白的进一步深入研究,从铜伴侣蛋白的起源、种类及3种铜伴侣蛋白(ATX-like、CCS和COX17)相关研究方面进行综述。     

生物炭对土壤有机质结合铜库容量大小及组成的调控

为研究生物炭对土壤中有机质组分结合铜库容量的大小与组成的调控能力,选择海南省具有代表性的热带次生林和橡胶林的土壤进行模拟实验,根据其有机质含量低、中、高,分别记为SoilL、SoilM、SoilH,以SoilH的含碳量为标准,向SoilL和SoilM中加入玉米秸秆生物炭(处理土壤分别记为SoilL+B和SoilM+B),并通过添加不同浓度的硝酸铜模拟土壤不同铜污染水平。结果表明:SoilL+B和SoilM+B的有机质结合态铜饱和容量分别为8.70 mg·g-1和9.76 mg·g-1,分别为SoilL和SoilM的3.69倍和3.12倍;SoilL+B较SoilL的富啡酸结合态铜(FA-Cu)、胡敏酸结合态铜(HA-Cu)、球囊霉素结合态铜(GRSP-Cu)和颗粒有机碳结合态铜(POM-Cu)的饱和容量分别增加了1.71、2.83、2.75 mg·g-1和0.09 mg·g-1,而黑炭结合态铜(BC-Cu)的饱和容量降低了0.76 mg·g-1;SoilM+B较SoilM的FA-Cu、HA-Cu、GRSP-Cu和POM-Cu的饱和容量分别增加了1.66、3.75、2.68 mg·g-1和0.07 mg·g-1,但BC-Cu的饱和容量降低了2.14 mg·g-1;生物炭对SoilL和SoilM中5种有机组分结合态铜库贡献的大小顺序均为HA>GRSP> FA>POM>BC。研究表明,添加生物炭可以显著提高土壤有机质结合铜库和各有机组分铜库的容量,并提高土壤对重金属的缓冲能力。