异烟酸铜(Ⅱ)的固相合成、表征及抑菌活性

在室温条件下通过固相反应合成了异烟酸铜配合物,考察了铜源、反应时间、原料配比对合成产物的影响.结果表明,最佳合成工艺条件为:以醋酸铜为铜源,反应时间为2 h,醋酸铜∶异烟酸=1∶2(摩尔比).采用元素分析、红外光谱、紫外光谱以及X-射线粉末衍射光谱对所合成的配合物进行了表征.抑菌活性实验表明,该配合物对金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、大肠杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、嗜水气单胞菌和耶尔森氏菌具有一定的抑菌活性.     

土壤外源铜形态的动态变化：5年定位试验

土壤铜污染的危害性不仅取决于总量,还与其在土壤中的形态有关。选用未受污染的粘质壤土,设置对照(32mg·kg-1)、200、400mg·kg-1铜处理模拟土壤铜污染,进行持续5年(2006—2010年)的稻/麦轮作土培试验。参照Tessier的方法测定小麦和水稻成熟期土壤中不同形态铜含量,研究耕作层土壤中各种形态铜含量的动态变化。结果表明:(1)试验期内清洁土壤中总铜以及可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态、有机物结合态、残渣态铜含量变化均很小,铜处理使上述参数均大幅增加。(2)污染土壤各形态铜含量随时间推移而变化,其中可交换态浓度持续下降最为显著,5年分别累计下降66%(200mg·kg-1)、67%(400mg·kg-1)。(3)土壤处于旱作条件有利于碳酸盐结合态和有机物结合态铜向铁锰氧化物结合态转化,淹水条件下转化方向相反。(4)铜处理改变了土壤中铜元素的形态分布,清洁土壤主要以残渣态存在(平均占57%),污染土壤中碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态铜所占的比例明显增加(合计平均占58%)。本研究表明,外源铜进入土壤后,易被植物吸收利用的可交换态浓度持续大幅降低,其他形态则因不同年度和不同耕作方式而相互转化。     

铜、锌元素对香蕉枯萎病的防治效果与机理

 为寻找香蕉枯萎病防治措施,通过盆栽试验和室内试验,研究铜、锌（EDTA-Cu、EDTA-Zn）对香蕉尖孢镰刀菌（Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense）生理特性的影响,以及锌与拮抗菌21号（SQR21^＃,多粘芽孢杆菌Paenibacillus polymyxa）配合使用对香蕉枯萎病的防治效果。结果表明：（1）用尖孢镰刀菌培养得到的粗毒素处理香蕉幼苗96 h后,对照植株萎蔫严重,呈枯死状,添加EDTA-Cu或EDTA-Zn,显著减轻了粗毒素对香蕉幼苗的伤害。（2）与对照相比,添加EDTA-Cu或EDTA-Zn均显著增加了香蕉尖孢镰刀菌小型分生孢子数量和真菌生物量,但显著降低了镰刀菌酸的产量,分别降低73%和96%。（3）盆栽试验中,加锌（ZnSO₄ · 7H₂O）处理显著降低了香蕉枯萎病的病情指数。其中锌与拮抗菌21号菌同时使用防治效果最好,处理75 d病情指数比直接接菌处理降低62%。（4）21号菌显著降低了香蕉根际土壤尖孢镰刀菌数量,与直接接菌处理相比降低了18%,锌与21号菌同时使用显著增加了尖孢镰刀菌数量,比直接接菌处理增加了30%。上述结果表明,锌离子可能通过降低香蕉尖孢镰刀菌镰刀菌酸的产量以及增强拮抗菌21号菌的生防活性来有效降低香蕉枯萎病的发病率。     

饲粮铜和维生素A及其互作效应对肉仔鸡生长性能及抗氧化功能的影响

本研究旨在探讨铜和维生素A及其互作效应对内仔鸡生长性能及抗氧化功能的影响.试验选用1日龄艾维茵肉仔鸡448只,随机分为8组,每组4个重复,每个重复14只鸡.采用4×2(铜×维生素A)完全随机设计,饲粮铜的添加量分别为0、8、150、225 mg/kg,维生素A的添加量分别为1 500、5 000 IU/kg,分为2个生长阶段,前期为1～4周龄,后期为5～7周龄.结果表明:1)高铜( 150、225mg/kg)抑制了全期肉仔鸡生长性能,提高了全期血清铜蓝蛋白(Cp)和后期血清总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活性(P＜0.05).2)5 000 IU/kg维生素A组获得较好的生长性能,提高了全期血清T-SOD活性,降低了前期血清Cp活性(P＜0.05).3)铜和维生素A互作效应对前期体增重、血清Cp和T-SOD活性及全期料重比有显著影响(P＜0.05),且二者间存在互补作用.铜(8 mg/kg)×维生素A(5 000 IU/kg)组与铜(0 mg/kg)×维生素A(5 000 IU/kg)组对前期肉仔鸡获得良好生长性能和提高血清T-SOD活性均有促进作用,但对血清Cp活性有显著降低作用(P＜0.05).由此可见,在基础饲粮铜水平为16～23mg/kg时,铜的适宜添加量为前期8 mg/kg,后期0～8 mg/kg;全期维生素A的适宜添加量为5 000 IU/kg.     

卡拉库尔羊妊娠母羊铜、锌、铁、锰的含量测定

为了探索微量元素对妊娠母羊营养状况的影响,选取体重相近、年龄和胎次相同的卡拉库尔羊妊娠母羊和空怀母羊各6只,清晨采取颈静脉血样和臀部毛样,利用原子吸收光谱法对铜、锌、铁、锰4种微量元素含量进行了测定(国标法)。结果表明:血清中,铜的含量在妊娠母羊与空怀母羊之间差异显著(P<0.05);全血中,铁、铜、锰含量在妊娠母羊与空怀母羊之间差异显著(P<0.05);羊毛中,铜、锰含量在妊娠母羊与空怀母羊之间差异显著(P<0.05)。     

黑麦草-耳葡萄球菌对水体中Cu的联合修复效应研究

采用水培实验方法模拟不同程度的Cu污染状况,研究了黑麦草与耳葡萄球菌联合修复作用对Cu的去除效果。结果表明,联合修复作用对Cu的去除效果明显优于单一的黑麦草修复,Cu初始浓度在5-30mg.L-1时,联合修复对Cu的去除率均达85%以上。耳葡萄球菌对Cu表现出较强的耐受性和吸附性,Cu浓度为100mg.L-1时其干重积累量达到40.6mg.g-1。耳葡萄球菌的存在降低了黑麦草根系及茎叶中Cu的积累量,联合修复组的黑麦草的生物量和叶绿素含量明显高于单一黑麦草修复组。该菌在一定程度上减轻了黑麦草所受Cu的毒害性,提高了水中Cu的联合修复效果。     

基于长江三角洲地表水典型土壤铜、锌环境容量探究

我国水污染日益严重,Ⅰ类地表水地区较少,目前可供饮用的Ⅲ类水成为研究土壤地表水体系污染状况的热点。选取具有代表性的长江三角洲地区4种母质（河相、湖相、海相沉积物和沟沟堆积物）发育而成的土壤,通过加入不同量的外源铜、锌金属培育污染土样,使其分别达到国家土壤环境质量三级标准的0.25、0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5倍。在此基础上研究雨水和模拟酸雨条件下,对模拟污染的土样进行解吸,并对解吸曲线进行拟合,在基于地表水Ⅲ类水质标准的铜、锌环境容量的基础上,计算了4种土壤在不同情况下的土壤环境容量,并通过探讨国家土壤标准的吻合性,提出针对不同母质的土壤,对其重金属的土壤污染临界值进行适当的调整,以达到Ⅲ类水标准,保障人类的安全与健康。结果表明,在模拟雨水情况下,基于地表水Ⅲ类标准的4种土壤的环境容量分别为：SEBC-06：铜10002mg·kg^-1,锌848.1mg·kg^-1;SEBC-19：铜1162mg·kg^-1,锌612.9mg·kg^-1;SEBC-20：铜9796mg·kg^-1,锌1047mg·kg^-1;SEBC-25：铜720mg·kg^-1,锌180.2mg·kg^-1。     

Obituary-Roger Brereton Marshall

Roger Marshall was born in Christchurch on 27 May 1933 and died at his home in Palmerston North on 24 October 2001. He graduated BVSc from the University of Sydney in 1958 and began his professional career in clinical veterinary practice in Morrinsville. Wishing to specialise in veterinary microbiology, he later enrolled in the postgraduate course for the Diploma in Microbiology at the University of Otago under Professor JAR Miles. On gaining the Diploma in 1963, Roger was appointed a foundation lecturer in veterinary microbiology in the newly formed Faculty of Veterinary Science at Massey University.     

Impact of molybdenum on the copper status of red deer (Cervus elaphus)

AIM: To determine the effect of increasing molybdenum (Mo) intakes on serum and liver copper (Cu) concentrations and growth rates of grazing red deer (Cervus elaphus).

METHODS: Molybdenum- and Cu-amended fertilisers were applied to six 1.1-ha paddocks in a 3 × 2 design. Three levels of Mo were applied on two paddocks at each level in mid April (designated Day 1); levels were: none (control), 0.5 (medium) and 1.0 (high) kg Mo/ha as sodium molybdate. In late May (Day 39), two levels of Cu (none and 3.0 kg Cu/ha, as copper sulphate) were applied to each of the three levels of Mo-treated paddocks. Pasture Mo, Cu and sulphur (S) concentrations were measured at about fortnightly intervals. In late June (Day 74), ten 6-month-old red deer hinds were placed on the six experimental pastures, and serum and liver Cu concentrations were monitored at about monthly intervals for 102 days. The hinds were weighed on four occasions during the trial.

RESULTS: Mean pasture Mo concentrations on Day 56 were 2, 4.6 and 11.3 mg/kg dry matter (DM) for the untreated control, medium and high Mo-treated pastures, respectively. Pasture Cu concentration was 95 mg/kg DM on Day 59, 53 mg/kg DM on Day 90, and 9 mg/kg DM by Day 153. Mean S concentration in pasture was 3.3 (range 3.03–3.45) g/kg DM. Copper application to pasture had no significant effect on serum and liver Cu concentrations in deer so data were pooled within Mo treatment. Mean initial (Day 74) serum Cu concentration was 9.2 µmol/L. In the deer grazing the control Mo pasture, this increased to 10.3 µmol/L on Day 112, before decreasing to 6.4 µmol/L on Day 176. In deer grazing the medium and high Mo-treated pastures, mean serum Cu concentrations were 3.8 and 3.9 µmol/L, respectively, on Day 112, and 2.5 and 3.3 µmol/L, respectively, on Day 176. Mean initial (Day 74) liver Cu concentration was 131 µmol/kg fresh tissue. In the deer grazing the control Mo pasture, this declined to 120 and 52 µmol/kg on Days 112 and Day 176, respectively. In deer grazing the medium and high Motreated pastures, liver Cu concentrations decreased to 55 and 52 µmol/kg fresh tissue, respectively, on Day 112, and 21 and 20 µmol/kg fresh tissue, respectively, on Day 176. Mean serum and liver Cu concentrations were not significantly different between deer grazing the medium and high Mo-treated pastures, and were lower (serum p=0.003, liver p<0.001) in those groups than in deer grazing the untreated control pastures. No clinical signs of Cu deficiency associated with lameness were observed. Deer grazing pastures that had Mo concentrations >10 mg/kg DM had lower (p=0.002) growth rates (100 vs 130 g/day) than those on pastures containing <2.4 mg Mo/kg DM.

CONCLUSION: Increasing pasture Mo concentrations from 2 mg/kg DM to ≥4.6 mg/kg DM significantly reduced serum and liver Cu concentrations in grazing deer. Reduced growth rate was observed at pasture Mo concentrations >10 mg/kg DM.