蛋氨酸铜和硫酸铜在凡纳对虾饲料中的应用效果比较

通过在饲料中分别加入不同浓度(铜元素的添加浓度分别为0、7.5、15、30、45mg·kg-1饲料)的硫酸铜和蛋氨酸铜,比较了硫酸铜和蛋氨酸铜对凡纳对虾生长、血液免疫因子及虾体铜的影响。添加蛋氨酸铜的各实验组生长速度同对照组之间没有显著差异;而添加硫酸铜的各组,只有铜添加量为30mg·kg-1饲料的试验组生长速度显著高于对照组(P<0.05),其它组同对照组之间差异不显著;成活率各组间无显著差异。除了铜添加量为15mg·kg-1饲料的试验组,各试验组对虾血清的酚氧化酶(PO)活力都高于对照组,其中当铜添加量为30mg·kg-1时最强,在此时蛋氨酸铜添加组的PO活力高于硫酸铜;随着铜添加浓度的提高,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力增强,在添加量达到30mg·kg-1饲料时达到最大,此时硫酸铜组和蛋氨酸铜组间无差异,都为507。对虾肌肉中铜的含量各组间无显著差异,为(4.07±1.80)mg·kg-1,个体间差异非常大;肝胰脏中铜的最高含量为210.36mg·kg-1,最低为33.78mg·kg-1(空白对照组),明显高于肌肉中的含量。结果表明,在试验条件下,同硫酸铜相比,蛋氨酸铜没有显著的促生长效果,对肌肉、肝铜含量以及SOD活性没有显著影响。     

Effect of dietary iron supplement on growth, haematology and microelements of juvenile grouper, Epinephelus coioides

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary iron supplement on growth, haematology and microelements of juvenile grouper, Epinephelus coioides. Casein–gelatine‐based diets supplemented with 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 mg kg⁻¹ iron from ferrous sulphate were fed to grouper (mean initial weight: 21.0 ± 0.2 g) for 8 weeks. Weight gain was highest in fish fed the diet supplemented with 100 mg kg⁻¹ iron, intermediate in fish fed diets with 50, 150, 200 and 250 mg kg⁻¹ iron and lowest in fish fed the basal diet. Feed efficiency followed a similar trend except that the lowest value was in fish fed the basal diet and the diet supplemented with 250 mg kg⁻¹ iron. Hepatic iron was highest in fish fed diets supplemented with iron ≥100 mg kg⁻¹, followed by fish fed diet with 50 mg kg⁻¹ iron and lowest in fish fed the basal diet. The whole‐body iron was lowest in fish fed the basal diet but not significantly different from other groups, as judged by anova . Iron supplement to the basal diet had no significant effect on haematological parameters (red blood cell count, haematocrit and haemoglobin), hepatic copper concentration or manganese, zinc concentration in liver and whole body. Broken‐line analysis of hepatic iron indicated that iron supplementation of 100 mg kg⁻¹ satisfied the hepatic iron storage and that further supplementation did not expand the iron status.     

季铵铜防腐木中有效成分总流失率的动力学分析

以季铵铜防腐剂处理的南方松为试材,参照美国AWPA E11-06标准,分析10、30和50℃3种温度条件下防腐木中有效成分的总流失率,并基于时间-温度叠加原理,运用阿伦尼乌斯方程,进行总流失率的动力学分析.结果表明:3种温度条件下铜和DDAC的流失趋势是一致的.根据铜和DDAC总流失率,得出防腐木表面的活化能为Ea=54.59 kJ/moL,相关系数R2达到0.98以上,拟合性较好,由此证明可以用动力学分析方法预测ACQ防腐材中铜和DDAC在10～50℃温度范围内总流失率变化.     

铜离子吸附对可变电荷土壤与恒电荷土壤铝释放的影响

研究了两种可变电荷土壤和两种恒电荷土壤在不同铜离子浓度条件下,pH对铝释放的影响.结果显示,随着加入铜离子浓度的增加,由铜离子交换作用而引起的可溶性铝也随之增加,相同pH条件下,可溶性铝的解吸量依次为砖红壤＞红壤＞黄棕壤＞棕壤,恒电荷土壤中铜离子浓度变化对铝释放的影响较可变电荷土壤更大,当pH大于3.6(恒电荷土壤)或pH大于4.0(可变电荷土壤)时,溶液中可溶性铝的含量几乎可以忽略不计.因此在所研究的铜离子浓度范围内,引起可溶性铝离子量变化的主导因素应该是体系pH值的变化而非铜离子的吸附.     

草鱼外周血白细胞组成及其受胁迫和感染的影响

为了得到可反映草鱼（Ctenopharyngodon idellus）健康状况的血细胞指标的基础数据,对4 种不同质量规 格的草鱼进行白细胞分类计数研究,并观察草鱼在硫酸铜、敌百虫处理以及多子小瓜虫感染后白细胞组成的变化。 结果表明,1 000 g组和500 g组规格草鱼的淋巴细胞比例显著高于250 g组,1 000 g组和500 g组规格草鱼的中性 粒细胞比例显著低于60 g组和250 g组。硫酸铜处理组的淋巴细胞分类计数显著高于对照组;高浓度敌百虫处理组 草鱼的淋巴和血栓细胞分类计数显著高于对照组;多子小瓜虫感染组草鱼中性粒细胞分类计数极显著下降,淋巴细 胞分类计数显著上升。说明个体大小、理化胁迫因子和病原感染都会影响草鱼白细胞组成比例。     

不同淋洗剂对污染土娄土中Cu、Pb的淋洗修复研究

【目的】研究不同条件下螯合剂乙二胺四乙酸二钠盐(EDTA)、柠檬酸(CIT)和阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)、生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂(RL2)对污染土娄土中铜、铅的淋洗效果,并对淋洗机制进行探讨。【方法】以铜、铅单一污染的土娄土为研究对象,分别加入2种螯合剂(EDTA、CIT)和2种表面活性剂(SDS、RL2),采用批次试验方法,分析淋洗剂浓度、pH、背景电解质(NaNO3和NaCl)、水(mL)土(g)比、淋洗次数对污染土娄土中Cu和Pb的淋洗百分率的影响,探索不同淋洗剂淋洗污染土娄土中Cu和Pb的最佳条件。【结果】在相同浓度下,EDTA和CIT对污染土娄土中Cu的淋洗百分率明显高于其他淋洗剂,EDTA对Pb的淋洗百分率明显高于其他淋洗剂。淋洗4次后,4种淋洗剂对污染土娄土中Cu的淋洗能力由大到小为CITEDTARL2SDS,对污染土娄土中Pb的淋洗能力为EDTARL2CITSDS。EDTA和CIT溶液淋洗土娄土中Cu和Pb的最适条件为:水土比20(mL)∶1(g)、淋洗剂浓度0.01mol/L、pH=7、无背景电解质;当水土比为20(mL)∶1(g)、RL2溶液浓度为0.02mol/L、pH=8、无背景电解质条件下,RL2对污染土娄土中Cu、Pb的淋洗效果最佳。【结论】EDTA、CIT和RL2可以有效去除污染土娄土中的Cu,EDTA可作为石灰性污染土娄土中Pb的最佳淋洗剂,而SDS不宜作为污染性土壤的淋洗剂。     

Effect of calcium and magnesium hardness on acute copper toxicity to Indian major carp, Labeo rohita (Hamilton) and catfish, Channa punctatus (Bloch)

Four experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of calcium and magnesium hardness on the acute toxicity of copper sulphate to Indian major carp, rohu (Labeo rohita, Hamilton) fingerlings and juvenile catfish (Channa punctatus, Bloch) in medium alkalinity experiments. A preliminary bioassay determined the 96 h LC₅₀ of copper sulphate to be 0.56 mg L^?1 for L. rohita fingerlings and 11.78 mg L^?1 for juvenile C. punctatus placed in water with calcium hardness and total alkalinity set at 100 mg L^?1 CaCO₃. In the first experiment, rohu were exposed to 0.56 mg L^?1 copper sulphate in environments where calcium hardness was varied from 50 to 350 mg L^?1 CaCO₃ and total alkalinity was 100 mg L^?1 CaCO₃. As calcium hardness increased, copper‐induced rohu mortalities decreased significantly from 90% at 50 mg L^?1 CaCO₃ to 7% at 350 mg L^?1 CaCO₃. In the second experiment, rohu were exposed to 0.56 mg L^?1 copper sulphate in environments where magnesium hardness was varied from 50 to 350 mg L^?1 CaCO₃ with total alkalinity set at 100 mg L^?1 CaCO₃. Hundred percent mortality was observed in magnesium‐based hardness treatments. In the third experiment, catfish were exposed to 11.78 mg L^?1 copper sulphate in environments where calcium hardness was varied from 50 to 400 mg L^?1 and total alkalinity was 100 mg L^?1 CaCO₃. As calcium hardness increased, copper‐induced catfish mortalities decreased significantly from 90% at 50 mg L^?1 CaCO₃ to 4% at 400 mg L^?1 CaCO₃. In the fourth experiment, catfish were exposed to 11.78 mg L^?1 copper sulphate in environments where magnesium hardness was varied from 50 to 400 mg L^?1 CaCO₃, with total alkalinity set at 100 mg L^?1 CaCO₃. In this case, 100% mortality was also observed in magnesium‐based treatments. Mortality rates in magnesium hardness treatments were consistent with those in the second experiment. These data suggest a calcium‐specific mechanism with respect to acute copper toxicity both in rohu and catfish.     

奶牛集约化生产体系中铜素产污系数的测定

通过对集约化奶牛场的育成牛和泌乳牛各季节的粪尿产生量进行测定,并且分析粪样和尿样,从而计算出育成牛和泌乳牛的铜产污系数,并比较两者各季节间的差异性。结果显示集约化奶牛场的育成牛铜产污系数4个季节平均为0.14g/(head.d),泌乳牛铜产污系数4个季节平均为0.31g/(head.d),泌乳牛铜产污系数远大于育成牛铜产污系数。