铜在鲤体内的蓄积及毒性的研究

采用半静态法将鲤(Cyprinus carpio)暴露于不同浓度的铜溶液中,研究了铜在鱼体中的吸收富集及毒性。结果表明:铜在鲤肝、肾、鳃和肌肉中的积累量均随着铜浓度的升高而增加。鲤各部位对铜的蓄积能力依次是肝、肾、鳃、肌肉,且肝、肾中铜的积累量明显高于鳃和肌肉,鲤对铜具有较强的蓄积毒性。中毒鱼体色变黑,生长受到抑制,临死前出现神经症状;鳃小片上皮增生、变性、坏死;肝细胞和肾小管上皮细胞空泡变性、溶解性坏死。     

3种药物对兴凯湖翘嘴鲌幼鱼的急性毒性试验

为了解烟酰苯胺、硫酸铜和扑草净对兴凯湖翘嘴鲌幼鱼的毒性影响,在水温(28±1)℃下,采用半静水式试验法开展了这3种药物对体质量(2.88±0.34)g、全长(7.30±0.30)cm的兴凯湖翘嘴鲌幼鱼的急性毒性试验。试验结果显示,烟酰苯胺对兴凯湖翘嘴鲌幼鱼的24、48、72、96 h半致死浓度分别为5.729、4.041、2.224、1.257 mg/L,安全浓度为0.126 mg/L;硫酸铜对幼鱼的24、48、72、96 h半致死浓度分别为3.187、2.116、1.354、0.984 mg/L,安全浓度为0.098 mg/L;扑草净对幼鱼的24、48、72、96 h半致死浓度分别为0.072、0.037、0.020、0.012 mg/L,安全浓度为0.001 mg/L。结果表明,烟酰苯胺和扑草净对翘嘴鲌幼鱼的毒性较大,应避免其污染养殖水体,硫酸铜在其常用质量浓度范围内会对兴凯湖翘嘴鲌幼鱼的成活率产生影响,应严格控制使用浓度并规范使用方法。     

饲粮高剂量铜对肉鸡生产性能的影响

试验选用６周龄肉用三黄鸡公１２０只,随机分为４个小组,每组２个重复,每个重复１５只。饲粮处理为：１组为对照组,喂实用玉米－豆粕型基础饲粮;２,３和４组饲粮分别为在基础饲粮中添加硫酸铜形成的铜６２．５,１２５和２５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ。试验期４２ｄ。结果表明：试验最初２同效果显著,与对照组比较,２,３和４组鸡体增重分别提高３．５８％（ｐ〉０．０５）,１１．７％（ｐ〈０．０５）和１６．１６％（ｐ〈０．０１）,     

两种矿山生态型香薷对铜的吸收、分布和积累特性研究

Two ecotypes of Elsholtzia, Elsholtzia splendens and E. argyi, are dominant plants growing on Cu and Pb-Zn smelters, respectively. Samples of the two ecotypes and the corresponding soils from fields of a copper mining area and a Pb-Zn mining area of Zhejiang Province, China, were analyzed to investigate Cu or Zn tolerance of these two ecotypes. Effects of nine Cu levels (0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160, 240 and 320 mg Cu L^-1 as CuSO₄·5H₂O) on growth and uptake, translocation and accumulation of Cu in these two ecotypes were examined in a solution culture experiment. The experimental results showed that dry weights (DW) of shoots and roots were depressed, and growth of E. splendens was less depressed than that of E. argyi when treated with ≥ 5 mg Cu L^-1. Concentrations of Cu in shoots of E. splendens and E. argyi exceeded 1 000 mg kg^-1 DW at ≥ 40 mg Cu L^-1. The maximum Cu accumulated in the shoots of Cu-treated E. splendens and E. argyi reached 101 and 142 μg plant^-1. Furthermore, analysis of plant samples from the fields showed that these two ecotypes can tolerant excess heavy metals and produced high dry matter, and E. splendens can accumulate 11.7 mg Cu plant^-1 grown on the Cu smelter. Therefore, E. splendens and E. argyi could be good plants for phytoremediation.     

有机肥非水溶性分解产物对 铜 、镉吸附及解吸的影响

研究了稻草、紫云英和猪粪淹水培养的非水溶性分解产物、两种土壤( 红壤、潮土) 与这 3 种有机肥共同淹水培养后的非水溶性产物( 水溶性物质被除去) 对铜、镉的沉淀、吸附及解吸作 用的影响。 结果表明, 当铜初始浓度为 10-4mol/ L, pH <6 时有机残渣促进铜的沉淀;当 pH >6 时则抑制了铜的沉淀。 当铜初始浓度降为 10-5mol/ L 时, 有机残渣对铜沉淀的促进作用加强。 3 种有机残渣均促进镉的沉淀, 但促进程度比铜低。 与有机肥共同培养的红壤, 在相同的 pH 条 件下, 提高对铜、镉的吸附;在不调节 pH 条件下, 由于有机肥料有提高 pH 的作用, 进一步提高 对铜 、镉的吸附。 与有机肥共同培养的潮土, 在相同的 pH 条件下, 对铜、镉吸附的影响很小;在 不调节 pH 时, 提高了潮土对铜的吸附, 但对镉吸附的影响则较复杂。 上述结果表明, 有机肥的 非水溶性分解产物主要通过提高体系的 pH 值、与铜、镉形成不溶性的络合物而影响铜、镉的吸 附。 与有机物料共同培养的红壤所吸附的铜、镉的解吸率均不同程度降低。     

铜尾矿污染土壤几种牧草的重金属抗性及微生物群落功能多样性研究

Copper （Cu） mine tailings, because of their high content of heavy metals, are usually hostile to plant colonization. A pot experiment was conducted to determine the tolerance of four forage grasses to heavy metals in Cu mine tailings and to examine the variation in the microbial functional diversity of soils from the tailing sites in southern China. All the four grass species survived on Cu mine tailings and Cu mine tailing-soil mixture. However, on pure mine tailings, the growth was minimal, whereas the growth was maximum for the control without mine tailings. The tolerance of grasses to heavy metals followed the sequence： Paspalum notatum 〉 Festuea arundinaeea 〉 Lolium perenne 〉 Cynodon daetylon. The planting of forage grasses enhanced the soil microbial biomass. The Biolog data indicated that the soil microbial metabolic profile values （average well color development, community richness, and Shannon index） of the four forage grasses also followed the sequence： P. notatum 〉 F. arundinaeea 〉 L. perenne 〉 C. daetylon. Thus, P. notatum, under the experimental conditions of this study, may be considered as the preferred plant species for revegetation of Cu mine tailing areas.     

北京市菜地土壤和蔬菜中铜含量及其健康风险

根据蔬菜消费量和兼顾品种多样性的原则,在北京市规模化蔬菜栽培基地和蔬菜批发市场分别采集53个菜地土壤和100种蔬菜416个样品,以研究蔬菜和土壤铜含量及其健康风险,并评价不同蔬菜品种对土壤铜的富集能力。结果表明,与北京市土壤背景值相比,北京市菜地土壤铜积累明显,其含量范围、算术均值、中值、几何均值分别为6.0￣65.2、24.5、23.2和22.7 mg.kg-1,菜地土壤铜含量均低于《土壤环境质量标准》的蔬菜地土壤质量标准;北京市蔬菜铜含量符合对数正态分布,其含量范围、算术均值和几何均值分别为0.024￣8.25、0.713和0.505 mg.kg-1鲜重;瓜果类蔬菜铜含量显著高于叶菜类和根茎类蔬菜,特菜类铜含量显著高于叶菜类蔬菜。北京市裸露地蔬菜铜含量显著高于设施栽培蔬菜,但北京市本地产蔬菜和外地产蔬菜铜含量差异不显著。铜含量与对土壤铜的富集能力以云架豆为最高,因而其抗污染能力较差,茄子、辣椒、小白菜和大葱铜含量次之,冬瓜、黄瓜、大白菜、西红柿、甘蓝、萝卜、叶甜菜和部分特菜最低。估算表明,北京市居民从蔬菜中摄入铜的量为815.6μg.人-.1d-1,目前尚无明显的健康风险。     

Metal contamination from open-cast copper and sulphur mining in southeast Ireland

The metal content was determined in soil and vegetation around the eastern zone of the disused sulphur and copper mines at Avoca (southeast Ireland). A 250 m × 250 m grid survey was conducted covering a total area of 4 km². The mining belt was in the centre of the investigated site and was sampled separately. Iron, Zn, Cu and Cd concentrations in soil and plant material were determined, in addition to soil organic matter content and soil pH. Soil samples taken from the spoil showed elevated Cu and Cd concentrations, and low soil pH and organic matter content. At least 50 per cent of the agricultural sites examined around the East Avoca Mine showed elevated soil Cu and Cd concentrations, whereas Zn and Fe soil concentrations were within the range for unpolluted soils. None of the vegetation analysed had elevated Zn, Cd, Fe or Cu concentrations. Overall there was no indication of serious metal contamination in either soils or vegetation surrounding the mine in spite of extensive dust deposition during open-pit mining activity 15–30 years ago. However, a plume of elevated Cu in the soil was identified, which originated from a large spoil heap and had been spread for some 2·0 km by the prevailing wind.     

畜禽粪便中铜和锌污染现状及风险分析

为研究我国畜禽粪便中重金属Cu和Zn的现状及对土壤的污染风险,对数据库和课题组已有的数据进行整理,分析了我国畜禽粪便中Cu、Zn的现状,建立土壤中畜禽粪便重金属Cu和Zn的风险评估模型,预测施用畜禽粪便后土壤Cu、Zn的污染情况,并推算畜禽粪便Cu、Zn的阈值。研究发现,不同畜禽粪便中Cu、Zn含量差异较大,且Zn的含量均高于Cu含量。猪粪中Cu、Zn含量最高,中位值分别为406.9 mg·kg~(-1)和671.3 mg·kg~(-1),羊粪中Cu、Zn含量最低,中位值分别为28.7 mg·kg~(-1)和101.1 mg·kg~(-1)。施用猪粪的土壤中Cu和Zn的积累速率分别为12 080.0 g·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)和18 928.4 g·hm~(-2)·a~(-1);家禽粪的影响其次,Cu和Zn的积累速率分别为1 396.4 g·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)和7 978.1 g·hm~(-2)·a~(-1);牛粪和羊粪的污染风险较低。根据模型计算的阈值中,粪肥中Cu和Zn的阈值范围分别为80.8～2 256.6 mg·kg~(-1)和1 322.4～20 040.9 mg·kg~(-1);粪肥污染风险与阈值呈负相关,污染风险最高的猪粪,阈值最低,其Cu和Zn的阈值范围分别为80.8～163.2 mg·kg~(-1)和1 322.4～1 972.8 mg·kg~(-1)。     

菌糠多糖对铜离子胁迫下水稻种子萌发的影响

为探究茶树菇菌糠多糖浸种对铜离子胁迫下水稻生长发育的影响,通过水培试验法研究不同浓度(1、10、100、1000、2000mg·L~(-1))茶树菇菌糠多糖对铜离子胁迫下水稻种子萌发及相关生理代谢指标的影响。结果表明:随着培养液中铜离子浓度的升高,水稻种子受到的毒害作用增强,发芽势和发芽率受到抑制,水稻幼芽根长变短,细胞质膜受损,相对电导率和丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA)含量上升,过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)等抗氧化酶活性下降。添加不同浓度的茶树菇菌糠多糖可以在一定程度上缓解水稻种子受铜离子的毒害作用,提高水稻种子的发芽势和发芽率,这一效应在水稻幼芽根部体现得尤为明显。同时,多糖添加可以修复细胞质膜的损伤,降低可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和MDA的含量,提高抗氧化酶活性。研究表明,茶树菇菌糠多糖可以有效缓解铜离子胁迫下水稻种子萌发的不利影响,综合考虑,当茶树菇菌糠多糖浓度为1000 mg·L~(-1)时,效果最佳。