Supplementing copper to a fish meal based diet fed to Atlantic salmon parr affects liver copper and selenium concentrations

The present experiment was conducted to study growth and tissue responses in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., fed a fish meal based diet supplemented with copper (Cu). The findings of the experiment were used to evaluate the need for dietary Cu supplementation. Atlantic salmon parr, initially weighing ≊ 7.5 g, were randomly distributed among 10 tanks, with 300 fish in each tank. Duplicate groups of fish were fed a fish meal based diet containing 3.5 mg Cu kg⁻¹, or this diet supplemented with 5, 10, 50 or 100 mg Cu kg⁻¹ (as CuSO₄*5 H₂O) for 12 weeks. Growth was recorded and blood haemoglobin measured. The Cu concentrations in whole body, liver, serum and selected muscle samples were measured, as was liver selenium (Se) concentration.
There were no difference in growth among the dietary treatments. There were, however, significant differences among the dietary groups in liver Cu and Se concentrations. The fish fed the diet supplemented with 5 mg Cu kg⁻¹ had increased liver Cu concentration compared with the other groups. Similar trends were found for serum Cu concentration and whole-body Cu concentration, but these effects were not significant. Liver Cu and Se concentrations were positively correlated and liver Se concentrations were inversely correlated to dietary Cu concentration, confirming an interaction between these two elements in salmon.
There may be a positive effect of a modest Cu supplementation level, and we suggest that a small amount of Cu (5–10 mg kg⁻¹) should be added to fish meal based diets.     

阿维菌素等三种常规渔药对卡拉白鱼的急性毒性

采用半静态法,研究了三种常规渔药阿维菌素、三氯异氰脲酸和硫酸铜对卡拉白鱼(Chalcalburnus chal coides aralensis)急性毒性效应。结果表明:阿维菌素对卡拉白鱼24、48、72、96 h的半致死浓度分别为6.25、4.66、3.66和2.82 mg/L,安全浓度为0.77 mg/L;三氯异氰尿酸对卡拉白鱼24、48、72、96 h的半致死浓度分别为3.22、2.49、2.19、1.79 mg/L,安全浓度为0.45 mg/L;硫酸铜对卡拉白鱼24、48、72、96 h的半致死浓度分别为5.56、3.96、2.03、1.74 mg/L,安全浓度为0.6 mg/L。三种药物对卡拉白鱼毒性高低依次为:硫酸铜三氯异氯尿酸阿维菌素。三种常规渔药的安全浓度近于或高于生产中常用泼洒浓度,可放心使用。     

饲料中高水平铜对草鱼生长、肝胰脏和肌肉中铜铁锌含量的影响*

 摘要：研究饲料中铜对草鱼生长性能、肝胰脏和肌肉中铜铁锌含量的影响,为饲料中铜的安全添加提供理论依据。用铜含量分别为9.38(对照),28.17,46.21,80.07,208.54,439.50,679.72,873.37,1 365.42mg/kg的试验饲料,饲喂初始体重（25.57 ± 0.47）g的草鱼56d,每14d取样1次。结果表明：饲料铜含量对草鱼的成活率、特定生长率、饲料系数、鱼体水分、鱼体粗脂肪和鱼体粗灰分无显著影响(P＞0.05);而饲料铜含量≥87337mg/kg时,鱼体粗蛋白含量显著低于对照组(P＜0.05)。随着饲料铜含量的升高,草鱼肌肉铜含量无显著变化(其含量为1.52~1.65mg/kg),铁含量显著升高,锌含量则仅在14d时显著降低;肝胰脏铜含量显著升高,56d时,在铜含量1 365.42mg/kg的试验组达到22.97mg/kg;肝胰脏铁含量14d时显著升高,但在56d时呈先升高后降低趋势;肝胰脏锌含量在14d时显著降低,而在56d时,饲料铜含量≥439.50mg/kg的试验组显著高于对照组(P＜0.05)。在本试验条件下,草鱼肝胰脏和肌肉中铜含量均低于我国水产品相关标准中规定的铜的限量。     

酵母富集微量元素铜的研究

酵母细胞具有富集某些微量元素的能力,它能将富集的无机态铜转化为有机态形式。采用富集培养方法,从22株酵母菌株中筛选出2株富集高含量铜的酵母菌,对其铜含量进行测定。结果表明：铜含量分别达到7．7mpdkg和7．9mpdkg,适宜的铜盐为氯化铜,其添加的离子浓度为90mpdkg。     

Inhibiting fungus on largemouth bass eggs with copper sulfate and its toxicity to fry and juveniles

This study determined the effectiveness of copper sulfate (CuSO₄) to inhibit fungal growth (caused by Saprolegnia spp.) on largemouth bass (LMB) eggs spawned on/in fiber mats in very high-alkalinity/-hardness waters; experiments also determined the toxicity of CuSO₄ to LMB fry and juveniles. An untreated control and three CuSO₄ concentrations (10, 20, and 40 mg/L) were tested under a flow-through scenario in the effectiveness experiment. Eggs were treated daily until hatching began. Fungal load at the time of hatch had a total area > 3.0 cm² in the untreated controls, total area 1.0 to <2.0 cm² in the 10 and 20 mg/L CuSO₄ treatments, and total area > 1.0 cm² in the 40 mg/L CuSO₄ treatments. Fungus samples were identified as Saprolegnia australis. The 24-hr median lethal concentration (LC50) values on the LMB yolk-sac and swim-up fry were 32.0 and 4.6 mg/L CuSO₄, respectively; the No Observed Effect Concentrations (NOEC) were 16.0 and 0.125 mg/L CuSO₄, respectively. Juvenile LMB were extremely tolerant to CuSO₄, and their 24-hr LC50 value was 185.5 mg/L; the NOEC was 64 mg/L. This study indicates that CuSO₄ can be an important resource for hatcheries to control egg fungus, especially in high-alkalinity/-hardness waters.     

Dietary copper requirement of fingerling Heteropneustes fossilis for formulating copper‐balanced commercial feeds

Dietary copper requirement of Heteropneustes fossilis (6.74 ± 0.03 g) was determined by feeding purified diets containing same protein (400 g/kg) and gross energy (17.89 kJ/g) but different levels of copper for 12 weeks. Graded amount of CuSO₄.5H₂O (0, 1.96, 3.93, 5.89, 7.86, 9.82, 11.79 mg/kg) was supplemented to basal diet to attain desired dietary copper levels (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 mg/kg). Analysed dietary copper concentrations were 4.28, 4.63, 5.28, 5.70, 6.19 and 6.69 mg/kg. Absolute weight gain, feed conversion ratio and protein gain improved with the increasing levels of dietary copper up to 5.28 mg/kg. Further inclusion of copper at a level of 5.70 mg/kg did not improve the above parameters. Significantly higher (p < .05) plasma ceruloplasmin, liver copper‐zinc superoxide dismutase, catalase activities and lower thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were evident in fish receiving diets with 5.28 and 5.70 mg/kg copper compared to other groups. Whole body and liver copper concentrations increased significantly (p < .05) with increasing dietary copper levels. Quadratic regression analysis of absolute weight gain, feed conversion ratio, protein gain and broken‐line regression analysis of plasma ceruloplasmin activity and liver TBARS value against the variable dietary copper levels depicted the dietary copper requirements for fingerling H. fossilis in the range of 5.24–5.68 mg/kg.     

急性铜胁迫对暗纹东方鲀组织铜积累、氧化应激、消化酶、组织病变及脂代谢相关基因表达的影响

通过 96 h 急性毒性实验研究水体铜暴露对暗纹东方鲀(Takifugu fasciatus)生理生化及脂代谢相关基因表达的影响。实验设置对照组、0.1 mg/L 和 0.2 mg/L (96-h LC50) 3 个铜处理组。结果表明,铜在暗纹东方鲀肝、肌肉和全鱼中的积累量随着处理浓度的提高而提高。同等浓度处理下,铜的积累量为肝脏>全鱼>肌肉。随着铜处理浓度的提高,肝脏中丙二醛(MDA)含量及抗氧化酶活性[谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX),总超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)]显著上升。急性铜暴露诱发肝脏血细胞沉积以及血窦扩张的症状。在鳃中,诱发上皮细胞增生,顶部棒状以及产生动脉瘤等症状。急性铜胁迫后,暗纹东方鲀肠道中的淀粉酶活性显著上升,但脂肪酶活性显著下降。在肝脏中,随着处理浓度的提高,淀粉酶、蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性显著降低。在 0.1 mg/L 处理组,脂肪合成相关基因(G6PD、6PGD、LPL、Fas 和 Acc)的表达量最高。但在 0.2 mg/L 处理组中,脂肪分解相关基因(HSL 和 CPT 1)的表达最高。急性铜胁迫后对转运因子 PPARα的影响不显著,但转运因子 PPAR γ的表达量显著上升。本实验表明铜对暗纹东方鲀生理生化指标及脂代谢相关基因的表达均产生显著影响,本研究为暗纹东方鲀养殖过程中铜的合理使用提供有益的指导价值,也为生产中更好地监控重金属污染提供一定的技术指标参考。     

嫁接对铜胁迫下甜瓜幼苗生长及内源激素水平的影响

【目的】研究嫁接对铜胁迫下甜瓜幼苗生长发育与内源激素水平的影响。【方法】试验以南瓜‘京欣砧3号’为砧木,薄皮甜瓜‘IVF09’为接穗,自根苗为对照,测定不同Cu2+浓度(0,400,800μmol/L)胁迫下甜瓜自根苗和嫁接苗生长指标、激素水平和气孔导度的变化。【结果】在铜胁迫条件下,甜瓜幼苗生长受到抑制、叶片内源激素水平改变,但在同一浓度Cu2+胁迫条件下嫁接苗的生物量大于自根苗。嫁接苗叶片中IAA含量显著高于自根苗,ABA、GA3、ZR含量均显著低于自根苗,其中在800μmol/L Cu2+胁迫下嫁接苗叶片IAA、ZR含量与自根苗的差异最大,为自根苗的1.30和0.77倍,而在400μmol/L Cu2+胁迫下,嫁接苗的ABA、GA3含量与自根苗的差异最大,为自根苗的0.68和0.92倍。嫁接苗叶片的ABA/IAA、ABA/GA3、ABA/ZR值均小于自根苗,且嫁接苗叶片中ABA/IAA和ABA/GA3值变化幅度小于自根苗。铜胁迫下,甜瓜嫁接苗气孔导度(Gs)与ABA/ZR值呈极显著负相关,嫁接苗气孔导度的调节受到了ABA和ABA/ZR值的调控,从而维持了较高的气孔导度,增强了甜瓜对铜胁迫的耐性。【结论】嫁接可通过改变内源激素含量而增强甜瓜幼苗对铜胁迫的耐受性,并且有效维持植物内源激素的平衡,促进甜瓜幼苗正常生长。     

A Saponification Method for Chlorophyll Removal from Microalgae Biomass as Oil Feedstock

Microalgae oil is an optimal feedstock for nutraceutical, pharmaceutical and biodiesel production, but its high levels of chlorophyll limit its large-scale application. To date, few effective approaches have been developed to remove chlorophyll from microalgae oil. The main purpose of this study was to present a preprocessing method of algae oil feedstock (Scenedesmus) to remove chlorophyll by saponification. The results showed that 96% of chlorophyll in biomass was removed. High quality orange transparent oil could be extracted from the chlorophyll reduced biomass. Specifically, the proportion of neutral lipids and saturation levels of fatty acids increased, and the pigments composition became carotenoids-based. The critical parameters of chlorophyll reduced biodiesel conformed to the standards of the USA, China and EU. Sodium copper chlorophyllin could be prepared from the bleaching effluent. The results presented herein offer a useful pathway to improve the quality of microalgae oil and reduce the cost of microalgae biodiesel.