Landscape characteristics of disturbed shrubsteppe habitats in southwestern Idaho (U.S.A.)

We compared 5 zones in shrubsteppe habitats of southwestern Idaho to determine the effect of differing disturbance combinations on landscapes that once shared historically similar disturbance regimes. The primary consequence of agriculture, wildfires, and extensive fires ignited by the military during training activities was loss of native shrubs from the landscape. Agriculture created large square blocks on the landscape, and the landscape contained fewer small patches and more large shrub patches than non-agricultural areas. In contrast, fires left a more fragmented landscape. Repeated fires did not change the distribution of patch sizes, but decreased the total area of remaining shrublands and increased the distance between remaining shrub patches that provide seed sources. Military training with tracked vehicles was associated with a landscape characterized by small, closely spaced, shrub patches.Our results support the general model hypothesized for conversion of shrublands to annual grasslands by disturbance. Larger shrub patches in our region, historically resistant to fire spread and large-scale fires because of a perennial bunchgrass understory, were more fragmented than small patches. Presence of cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum), an exotic annual, was positively related to landscape patchiness and negatively related to number of shrub cells. Thus, cheatgrass dominance can contribute to further fragmentation and loss of the shrub patch by facilitating spread of subsequent fires, carried by continuous fuels, through the patch. The synergistic processes of fragmentation of shrub patches by disturbance, invasion and subsequent dominance by exotic annuals, and fire are converting shrubsteppe in southwestern Idaho to a new state dominated by exotic annual grasslands and high fire frequencies.     

Does kriging predict weed distributions accurately enough for site‐specific weed control?

Numerous studies have demonstrated the patchy distribution of weeds within fields. The majority of these studies have used discrete sampling, recording weed densities at the intersections of regular grids. In this study, Avena spp. seedlings were recorded on square grids at four sites. The data were then divided into test and real data sets using the whole, two-thirds and one-half of the data to evaluate the consistency of global variogram models and accuracy of ordinary kriging estimates. Kriging provided poor weed density estimates at both very low and high densities, i.e. data were smoothed when compared with true values. Grid sampling took considerable time and, therefore, money to complete, whereas continuous sampling with multispectral imagery (performed at one site) was much quicker and at a finer resolution. It is suggested that sampling systems that collect continuous rather than discrete data are currently more appropriate for site-specific weed management.     

中国的生态农业建设

介绍了生态农业的产生背景，论述了中国生态农业的发展历程及其特点，指出我国的生态农业既不同于西方的生态农业，也不完全是传统农业的回归，它是在中国具有的历史条件和生态经济条件下形成的一种多层次、多结构、多功能的集约经营管理的综合农业生产体系。简介了近20年来在我国生态农业实践中形成的几种成功的生态农业模式，同时对目前生态农业建设中应注意的问题进行了探讨。     

Spatial distribution of weeds in arable crops: are current sampling and analytical methods appropriate?

This paper reviews the literature concerning the spatial distribution of weeds; highlighting the limitations of our current sampling and analytical methodologies, and suggesting how these inadequacies can be addressed. Most research studies have used discrete sampling, i.e. weeds are counted within a quadrat, on a grid basis. Few have mapped weeds at a whole-field scale, either with a resolution appropriate to spraying operations or key ecological processes. Statistical analyses used to describe the data can be divided into two main types, spatially implicit (also at the scale of the sampling unit) or spatially explicit, in which the location of individuals is included in the analyses. Spatially implicit methods can be strongly affected by quadrat size and mean density and are of doubtful benefit. More attention is required to address sampling resolution issues for spatially explicit methods. Our understanding of the formation and dynamics of spatial pattern, as well as predicting the consequences of site-specific management, can be improved with models. Unfortunately, most models consider only newly expanding patches and appear incapable of predicting spatial distributions when an area has been fully invaded. More detailed biological information is required if models are to become more realistic and informative. We also need to ensure that we understand the spatial processes in the context of the whole field environment, to optimize the success of site-specific weed management in the longer term.     

论有机畜牧业之发展

本文论述了有机畜牧业产生的背景,并明确了有机畜牧业的内涵。通过分析国外有机畜牧业发展历程、认证标准,着重探讨我国发展有机畜牧业的优势和必要性,并给出了切实可行的建议和思路。     

开展我国数字草地建设

随着我国数字农业研究与建设的深化,数字草地的研究与建设也迫在眉睫.开展我国数字草地建设不仅是数字农业发展的需要,而且也是草业科技创新之急需.为此,主要从六个方面讨论了我国数字草地建设(1)建设的必要性;(2)发展数字草地的可能性;(3)建设的指导思想、基本原则和目标;(4)数字草地建设体系结构;(5)数字草地建设的内容;(6)数字草地建设的保障措施.     

不同PCR引物对柑桔黄龙病菌的特异性检测

本文对国内外研究者设计的11对PCR引物检测柑桔黄龙病菌的特异性进行了比较。其中包括5对一步法PCR引物(A2/J5、GB1/GB3、MP1/MP2、CQULA03F/CQULA03R和CLA-F2/CLA-R2)和6对巢式PCR引物(P1/P2、P3/P4、LP1/LP2、LP3/LP4、DP1/DP2和DP3/DP4)。结果发现,MP1/MP2和CLA-F2/CLA-R2 2对引物具有非特异性,不能区分亚洲柑桔黄龙病菌和非洲柑桔黄龙病菌,其余的9对引物特异性较好。本文旨在为研究者选择柑桔黄龙病菌扩增引物提供参考。     

要实现农业现代化必须发展农业机械化

针对农业机械化对实现农业现代化的重要性,简单论述辽宁省英落镇农机发展的现状,兴农强机的对策,发展农业机械化函待解决的问题。     

我国植物保护与农业的可持续发展关系——以吉林省梨树县研究为例

透过相关文献的检索与对比分析,我们得出的结论是我国植物保护与农业的可持续发展以及到了必须认真对待的关键时期。在二者间的关系上,我们认为植物的保护与农业的可持续发展是相辅相成的是辩证统一的关系。可以确认的是加强植物的保护是我们实现农业的可持续发展之前提,反之农业可持续发展得到了实现又可以促进植物资源的保护。以吉林省梨树县为研究对象,对在植物保护工作上给予分析并提出了自己的几点建议。     

贵州省六盘水市低碳农业发展探讨

从六盘水市低碳农业发展现状及低碳农业存在的问题着手,分析总结了六盘水市低碳农业发展对策后认为,在发展低碳经济方面,农业潜力巨大,低碳农业将是六盘水市实现低碳经济的根本保证和重要领域。