Controlled water table management as a strategy for reducing salt loads from subsurface drainage under perennial agriculture in semi-arid Australia

Recent community based actions to ensure the sustainability of irrigation and protection of associated ecosystems in the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area (MIA) of Australia has seen the implementation of a regional Land and Water Management Plan. This aims to improve land and water management within the irrigation area and minimise downstream impacts associated with irrigation. One of the plan objectives is to decrease current salt loads generated from subsurface drainage in perennial horticulture within the area from 20 000 tonnes/year to 17 000 tonnes/year. In order to meet such objectives Controlled Water table Management (CWM) is being investigated as a possible ‘Best Management Practice’, to reduce drainage volumes and salt loads.During 2000–2002 a trial was conducted on a 15 ha subsurface drained vineyard. This compared a traditional unmanaged subsurface drainage system with a controlled drainage system utilizing weirs to maintain water tables and changes in irrigation scheduling to maximize the potential crop use of a shallow water table. Drainage volumes, salt loads and water table elevations throughout the field were monitored to investigate the effects of controlled drainage on drain flows and salt loads.Results from the experiment showed that controlled drainage significantly reduced drainage volumes and salt loads compared to unmanaged systems. However, there were marked increases in soil salinity which will need to be carefully monitored and managed.     

干旱地区家庭雨水集储装置的设计

宁夏甘肃两省是我国严重缺水地区。缺水严重影响了该地区人民正常生活和工农业的发展。为此，针对家庭用水设计了屋顶雨水集储装置；在尽量减少建筑费用的情况下，选用了地下建池、拦污栅等污水处理装置，可为干旱地区建造家庭雨水集储装置提供一些参考依据。     

我国粮食仓储技术的概况与发展

粮食安全储存是个世界性难题,如何发展、提升和完善粮食仓储技术是我国政府面临的一项亟待解决的课题.为此,在提出粮食仓储技术内涵的基础上,首先概述总结了我国粮食仓储设施及方式的发展历程;其次在分析国内储粮技术研究发展现状的基础上,重点介绍了低温储粮、气调储粮两种绿色环保型储粮技术及计算机技术在仓储上的应用;论述了我国仓储设备的整体发展现状;最后指出了我国仓储技术的存在的问题与发展趋势.     

自动给水栓灌溉系统的运行模拟与研究

根据广东省台山市都斛镇水稻田控制排灌田间工程试验区的实测资料 ,探讨了在已定工作水头和输水管管径的条件下 ,不同出水口开启状况下各给水栓出流量的数学分析方法 ,同时模拟计算了不同管径 (或改变水头 )条件下给水栓系统运行状态的变化 ,并与实际观测情况进行了比较和分析     

Simulation of drainage water quality with DRAINMOD

The design and management of drainage systems should consider impacts on drainage water quality and receiving streams, as well as on agricultural productivity. Two simulation models that are being developed to predict these impacts are briefly described. DRAINMOD-N uses hydrologic predictions by DRAINMOD, including daily soil water fluxes, in numerical solutions to the advective-dispersive-reactive (ADR) equation to describe movement and fate of NO₃-N in shallow water table soils. DRAINMOD- CREAMS links DRAINMOD hydrology with submodels in CREAMS to predict effects of drainage treatment and controlled drainage losses of sediment and agricultural chemicals via surface runoff. The models were applied to analyze effects of drainage intensity on a Portsmouth sandy loam in eastern North Carolina. Depending on surface depressional storage, agricultural production objectives could be satisfied with drain spacings of 40 m or less. Predicted effects of drainage design and management on NO₃-N losses were substantial. Increasing drain spacing from 20 m to 40 m reduced predicted NO₃-N losses by over 45% for both good and poor surface drainage. Controlled drainage further decreases NO₃-N losses. For example, predicted average annual NO₃-N losses for a 30 m spacing were reduced 50% by controlled drainage. Splitting the application of nitrogen fertilizer, so that 100 kg/ha is applied at planting and 50 kg/ha is applied 37 days later, reduced average predicted NO₃-N losses but by only 5 to 6%. This practice was more effective in years when heavy rainfall occurred directly after planting. In contrast to effects on NO₃-N losses, reducing drainage intensity by increasing drain spacing or use of controlled drainage increased predicted losses of sediment and phosphorus (P). These losses were small for relatively flat conditions (0.2% slope), but may be large for even moderate slopes. For example, predicted sediment losses for a 2% slope exceeded 8000 kg/ha for a poorly drained condition (drain spacing of 100 m), but were reduced to 2100 kg/ha for a 20 m spacing. Agricultural production and water quality goals are sometimes in conflict. Our results indicate that simulation modeling can be used to examine the benefits of alternative designs and management strategies, from both production and environmental points-of-view. The utility of this methodology places additional emphasis on the need for field experiments to test the validity of the models over a range of soil, site and climatological conditions.     

发动机微机控制系统性能测试仪的研究

介绍最新研制的发动机微机控制系统性能测试仪的结构和技术方案。     

外源褪黑素对‘红地球’葡萄采后贮藏品质的影响

研究不同浓度的外源褪黑素对‘红地球’葡萄采后品质的影响,为葡萄保鲜技术提供一定的数据支撑和理论依据。以‘红地球’葡萄品种为试验材料,采用不同浓度0μmol/L（ck）、50μmol/L（T1）、100μmol/L（T2）、200μmol/L（T3）、400μmol/L（T4）的外源褪黑素浸泡‘红地球’葡萄果实0.5 h,常温贮藏,测定果实的失重率、硬度、可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、可滴定酸、Vc、PPO、POD、MDA等指标的变化。结果表明,贮藏到第16 d时,ck组霉变严重,失重率达到35.4%,而外源褪黑素处理组均只有轻微霉点,失重率为23.8%~33.2%,且可溶性糖、MDA、PPO、POD含量均显著低于ck组;果实硬度、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、Vc等含量均显著高于ck组。说明外源褪黑素延缓‘红地球’葡萄在贮藏过程中因氧化而引起的果实霉变,维持葡萄果实储藏期间的品质,保持果实良好的口感,其中,以浓度为100 μmol/L的外源褪黑素贮藏保鲜效果最佳。     

野生樱桃资源在甜樱桃人工授粉中的应用探讨

以3种野生樱桃资源为供试材料,比较了花粉烘制方式和贮藏温度对供试材料花粉萌芽率的影响,评价了供试材料花粉对甜樱桃品种座果率的影响。结果表明：常温干燥皿烘制花粉萌发率显著高于培养箱烘制;水+10mg/L硼酸+20%蔗糖为测定供试材料花粉活力的适宜培养基;毛樱桃、中国樱桃、‘黄蜜’花粉在4℃冷藏30天的萌发率均高于40%;毛樱桃、中国樱桃和山樱桃花粉与3个甜樱桃品种的异花授粉平均坐果率可达到40%。作者认为,供试野生樱桃资源的花粉萌发和贮藏特性,以及与甜樱桃品种的异花授粉亲和性与供试甜樱桃品种花粉类似,在甜樱桃人工授粉中具有较大的应用价值。     

赣南脐橙贮藏病害调查

2013年11月-2015年11月于江西省赣州全部18个县（市、区）进行了赣南脐橙贮藏期病害的调查,并对病果样品的病原菌进行了分离和鉴定。调查结果表明,共发现8种病原真菌,分别为：柑橘青霉病菌（Penicillium italicum）、柑橘绿霉病菌（Penicillium digitatum)、柑橘扩展青霉病菌（Penicillium expansum）、柑橘炭疽病菌（Colletotrichum goleosporioides）、柑橘干腐病菌（Fusarium moniliforme）、柑橘疫霉病菌（Phytophthora citrophthora）、柑橘黑腐病菌（Alternaria citri）、柑橘黑斑病菌（Phoma citricarpa）;2种由病原细菌,分别为：柑橘溃疡病菌（Xanthomonas axonopodis pv.citri）、亚洲柑橘黄龙病菌（Candidatus liberobacter asiaticum）。其中检出率高的贮藏病害包括柑橘青霉病、柑橘绿霉病、柑橘炭疽病与柑橘溃疡病,其中柑橘青霉病与柑橘绿霉病的检出率分别为40.7%,柑橘炭疽病与柑橘溃疡病的检出率分别为16.6%、7%。     

塔罗科血橙低温贮藏试验初步研究

采用11种物理和化学的保鲜处理方法对塔罗科血橙进行低温贮藏试验,结果表明: 采用化学保鲜方法的效果好于物理方法,其中保鲜效果最好的是：250mg/L抑霉唑浸泡塔罗科血橙果实1分钟,在8℃～10℃条件下贮藏60天,其烂果率为5.3%,对青霉病、绿霉病的防治效果达到100%。