阀控非对称缸电液伺服系统的线性鲁棒观测器设计

为了更为有效地诊断电液伺服控制系统的故障,设计良好的状态观测器是至关重要的前提。针对阀控非对称缸电液伺服系统,提出一种线性鲁棒观测器的设计方法。在考虑建模误差、参数变化、外力干扰、过程噪声以及测量噪声等影响因素的前提下,将系统非线性模型进行线性化,并据此设计系统的线性鲁棒观测器。仿真结果表明：小负荷情况下,该文设计的线性观测器具有一定的鲁棒性。     

发电机原动系统仿真器程序设计

研制了一种新型的基于80C196KC单片机的原动机仿真系统的软件．对系统中的调速器，利用灵活的单片机的软件去实现其功能，不仅使硬件线路大为简化，并且克服了模拟电路结构复杂、电子元器件容易老化、易受环境温度影响和抗干扰能力差等缺点，提高了整个系统的控制精度、可靠性和稳定性．此外还设置了液晶显示器和人机通讯接口，可将原动机仿真系统的运行参数以数字信号的形式传输到监控系统或者PC机，操作直观、便于监视．微机软件编写采用了模块化，使软件的编写更方便、简单，软件已完全通过调试，达到了预期的效果。     

Function of controlled release fertilizer in maintaining high agronomic use efficiency and minimizing environmental pollution in rice field of southern China

Development and use of controlled release fertilizer （CRF） in southern China, potential advantages of CRF in increasing rice yield and nutrient use efficiency were introduced, as well as its role of minimizing rice field＇s environmental contamination was discussed. Meanwhile, some suggestions were proposed.     

Nursery‐Box Total Fertilization Technology (NBTF) Application for Increasing Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Chinese Irrigated Riceland: N–Soil Interactions

High N fertilizer and flooding irrigation applied to rice in anthropogenic‐alluvial soil often result in N leaching and low use efficiency of applied fertilizer N from the rice field in Ningxia irrigation region in the upper reaches of the Yellow River. Sound N management practices need to be established to improve N use efficiency while sustaining high grain yield levels and minimize fertilizer N loss to the environment. We investigated the effects of Nursery Box Total Fertilization technology (NBTF) on N leaching at different rice growing stages, N use efficiency and rice yield in 2010 and 2011. The four fertilizer N treatments were 300 kg N ha⁻¹ (CU, Conventional treatment of urea at 300 kg N ha⁻¹), 120 kg N ha⁻¹ (NBTF120, NBTF treatment of controlled‐release N fertilizer at 120 kg N ha⁻¹), 80 kgN ha⁻¹ (NBTF80, NBTF treatment of controlled‐release N fertilizer at 80 kg N ha⁻¹) and no N fertilizer application treatment (CK). The results showed that the NBTF120 treatment increased N use efficiency, maintained crop yields and substantially reduced N losses to the environment. Under the CU treatment, the rice yield was 9634 and 7098 kg ha⁻¹, the N use efficiency was 31·6% and 34·8% and the leaching losses of TN were 44·51 and 39·89 kg ha⁻¹; NH₄⁺‐N was 5·26 and 5·49 kg ha⁻¹, and NO₃⁻‐N was 27·94 and 26·22 kg ha⁻¹ during the rice whole growing period in 2010 and 2011, respectively. Compared with CU, NBTF120 significantly increased the N use efficiency and decreased the N losses from the paddy field. Under NBTF120, the N use efficiency was 56·3% and 51·4%, which was 24·7% and 16·6% higher than that of CU, and the conventional fertilizer application rate could be reduced by 60% without lowering the rice yield while decreasing the leaching losses of TN by 16·27 and 14·36 kg ha⁻¹, NH₄⁺‐N by 0·90 and 1·84 kg ha⁻¹, NO₃⁻‐N by 110·6 and 10·14 kg ha⁻¹ in 2010 and 2011, respectively. Our results indicate that the CU treatment resulted in relatively high N leaching losses, and that alternative practice of NBTF which synchronized fertilizer application with crop demand substantially reduced these losses. We therefore suggest the NBTF120 be a fertilizer application alternative which leads to high food production but low environmental impact. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

CA贮藏对新鲜石刁柏的影响

用9种不同的CA条件与低温空气贮藏进行比较,结果证明用CA贮藏法进行石刁柏的贮藏保鲜是可行的。在设定的10个试验区中,当O_2浓度保持在21％的前提下,适当提高CO_2的浓度可提高贮藏效果。以21％O_2,30％CO:_2的贮藏条件保鲜效果较好。当CO_2浓度为0％时,O_2的浓度在1～0％之间保鲜效果最好。在10个试验区中,以空气条件下贮藏效果最差。     

不同气体配比对丰水梨采后贮藏效果的影响

采用不同的气体配比(O2∶CO2)处理丰水梨,探讨(0±0.5)℃、相对湿度95%条件下贮藏140 d期间果实品质的变化规律。结果表明,丰水梨果实的可滴定酸含量及果实硬度在贮藏过程中呈逐渐下降的趋势,其中2%O2+1%CO2和5%O2+5%CO2两个处理的果实硬度和可滴定酸含量显著低于对照(20.9%O2+0.03%CO2)(P0.05),5%O2+1%CO2、5%O2+3%CO2、10%O2+1%CO2和10%O2+3%CO2处理组高于对照;VC含量与可溶性固形物含量(SSC)的变化趋势均为先升后降,其中5%O2+1%CO2处理出现峰值最迟且峰值较高;各组丰水梨果实的失重率变化不明显。本试验中以5%O2+1%CO2处理的丰水梨果实贮藏品质最佳。     

高浓度CO2气调防治谷蠹及杂拟谷盗的研究

将谷蠹Rhyzopertha dominica(Fab.）成虫及杂拟谷盗Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du val卵、幼虫、肾和成虫分别暴露于35％CO2和11％O2，35％CO2和21％O2，75％CO2和11％O2，75％CO2和21％O2四种气调环境中12、24、36、48、60、72、84、96、108、120小时，结果表明谷蠹成虫对四种气调环境都很敏感，其LT50分别为34.6、42.0、18.6、17.8小时。杂拟谷盗成虫较耐35％CO2、11％O2及35％CO2、21％O2气调环境，处理120小时后，成虫死亡率低于12％。卵及幼虫对四种气调环境较为敏感，蛹对35％CO2、11％O2的耐受性比35％CO2、21％O2强，前者LT50为2248.3小时，后者为124.5小时，杂拟谷盗卵、幼虫、蛹及成虫对四种气调环境敏感顺序为：卵＞幼虫＞蛹＞成虫。     

蘑菇低温气调保鲜的初步研究

采用正交实验方法，探讨了NaCl浓度、护色时间及控制贮藏环境温度等3个因素对蘑菇子实体的开伞率、PPO酶活变化量及ADF质量分数的影响。结果表明，蘑菇经适当处理，可有效抑制其开伞和品质变化。采用均匀试验设计回归分析程序对实验结果进行拟合，得到以蘑菇开伞率、PPO酶活变化及ADF质量分数为因变量，3个因素的水平编码号为自变量的回归方程估计值与实测值吻合。相对于单纯低温保鲜，采用低温气调保鲜的蘑菇，其品质和理化指标更为理想。     

The selektron of the Institute for Horticultural Plant Breeding (IVT), Wageningen,the Netherlands

Summary A facility is described consisting of four growth rooms of 100 m² each in which temperatures and light intensities prevailing in glasshouses in winter in the Netherlands can be controlled.     

固定道保护性耕作节能效果试验研究

固定道保护性耕作限制了机具对土壤的普遍性压实，提高了拖拉机牵引性能，降低了能耗。在北京郊区青云店镇试验区，设置固定道及非固定道保护性耕作对照区。通过播种机开沟器阻力正交试验及牵引阻力测试试验，研究固定道保护性耕作对播种、深松作业的牵引力及油耗的影响。试验表明：在0．05的置信水平下，对比作业速度、深度租土壤坚实度因素，土壤坚实度因素因田间分布均匀性较低，对开沟阻力波动影响最为显著；非固定道保护性耕作因轮胎压实，破坏了表层土壤均匀性，造成作业负荷变动大，加剧燃油消耗；相对于非固定道保护性耕作，按华北小麦-玉米一年两熟地区两年一深松模式估算，固定道保护性耕作仅播种、深松两项作业一年每公顷节省15．7L柴油；固定道保护性耕作因减少了压实面积，从而可以提高拖拉机田间作业的牵引性能，减小机具的作业阻力，降低燃油消耗，达到减少压实、节约能耗的作用。