步甲研究进展

步甲是在田间地表活动的一大类昆虫,常常被看作一些生态环境的生物监测指示物种,也被当作一些害虫的生物控制天敌。自1900年以来,昆虫学家对步甲的研究从来没有停止过,本文从分类地位、一般生物学特性、抽样方法、步甲的生态角色、步甲的活动范围、取食特性及研究方法上,对步甲的国内外研究现状进行了概括和阐述,并结合作者对步甲的研究工作,介绍了步甲的保护利用措施,并对步甲研究进行了展望。     

南方水稻黑条矮缩病组合用药防控技术示范效果初报

2012年顺昌县开展南方水稻黑条矮缩病组合用药防控技术示范。示范结果表明:先正达产品组合噻虫嗪70%种子处理可分散剂拌种+秧田1叶1心期吡蚜酮25%水分散粒剂喷雾+移栽前2d噻虫嗪25%水分散粒剂喷雾+本田移栽后7d毒死蜱48%乳油+氨基酸12%水溶性液剂喷雾+移栽后15d吡蚜酮25%水分散粒剂+氨基酸12%水溶性液剂喷雾防控效果最好达99%。     

Appropriateness of inexpensive, hand-held global positioning system units for creating weed maps in a pasture

This paper describes the practical use of a global positioning system receiver (hand-held GPS) as a means of measuring and describing pasture areas invaded by weeds. The accuracy of two GPS units, a hand-held GPS with an external antenna (GPS with an antenna) and the differential global positioning system receiver (DGPS), were examined in Morioka, northern Japan. In addition, an area of weed patches and a pasture, determined using the GPS with an antenna, were compared to the measurements made with a conventional tape and a weed map was created based on the coordinate data of latitude and longitude measurements. The accuracy of the GPS with an antenna was poor (8.3 m); however, the precision of the unit was reasonable in measuring area. An area estimation error by the GPS with an antenna was 7% when practically measuring weed patches of 141 m² and 1% in a paddock of 12 566 m². From these results, it appears that the GPS with an antenna might have an acceptable error in measuring areas for weed control in a pasture. A weed map produced from the coordinate data surveyed using the GPS with an antenna enables the state of weed growth and its domination in an area of pasture to be visually understood. Therefore, GPS technologies easily can be applied to quickly obtain information on weed infestation.     

害草薇甘菊生防因子——安婀珍蝶的自然种群生命表研究

室外设立隔离网笼，在自然气候条件下，饲养、释放薇甘菊重要生防因子——安婀珍蝶，研究了安婀珍蝶野外释放后对广东地区环境的适应能力；利用庞雄飞作用因子组配的生命表方法，组建安婀珍蝶自然种群生命表，量化分析评价各因子对安婀珍蝶的影响。结果表明：释放安婀珍蝶两代的自然种群趋势指数分别为0．0872和0．0939，都非常低，安婀珍蝶野外增殖能力较差。第一代和第二代中“捕食与其他”的控制作用指数分别为190．0191和84．8973，均高于其他因子的控制作用，“捕食与其他”为影响安婀珍蝶生长发育的重要因子。综合上述结果认为，需通过大量饲养人工释放、补充幼虫数量的方法，逐步提高安婀珍蝶在野外建立自然种群的能力。     

4种农药对呼和浩特市榆绿毛萤叶甲室内毒力测定及田间防效评价

为筛选出防治榆绿毛萤叶甲Pyrrhalta aenescens的有效药剂, 为在园林植物害虫防治中合理使用杀虫剂提供指导?本文选用园林植物害虫防治中常用的4种杀虫剂进行室内毒力测定和田间防效试验?结果表明, 甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐对榆绿毛萤叶甲2~3龄幼虫的毒力最高, LC50为1.401 mg/L?高效氯氰菊酯次之, 印楝素的毒力最低, LC50为39.279 mg/L?田间药效试验表明, 施药3 d后, 稀释500倍的3%高效氯氰菊酯悬浮剂和3%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐微乳剂的防效最好, 分别为91.22%和89.49%?施药5 d后, 4种杀虫剂对榆绿毛萤叶甲的防效为85.67%~91.97%, 无明显差异?研究结果为榆绿毛萤叶甲的防治提供了理论指导?     

春麦田除草剂的应用与杂草群落演替

作者采用定点定位试验,对春麦田除草剂应用与杂草群落演替趋势进行研究。结果表明:在杂草群落多样性麦田,小麦连作并分别连续5年施用同一种除草剂,原杂草群落中占优势的靶标杂草得以控制,而非靶标杂草和抗、耐药性杂草因失去竞争和制约对象而猖獗发展,发生量较原来增加几倍至几十倍,并形成优势种群,对小麦造成新的更严重的危害。一种除草剂在同田块连续施用4年,由于杂草群落演替,抗、耐药杂草兴起,除草效果显著下降而失去其使用意义。作者提出除草剂配套使用、轮用、混用等措施,并配合以合理的轮作制度,以减轻杂草群落长期受到单一的定向选择性压力。     

Pest Management in Traditional Tropical Agroecosystems: Lessons for Pest Prevention Research and Extension

Based on current agroecological theory and IPM practices, this review explores the role of traditional practices, involving site selection, soil management, timing of planting and harvesting, crop resistance, intercropping, weed management, harvest residue management, post-harvest management, natural enemies management, mechanical control, repellents and traps in the natural regulation of potential pests. In synthesis, the literature suggests that although pest management professionals focus their efforts on pest control, the preventative approach taken by traditional farmers is more effective. Potential constraints to the implementation of this preventive pest management approach include:(1) lack of integration of ecological theory and pest management, (2) lack of cooperation among social and biological scientists, and (3) lack of real efforts to work with farmers as equals and support mechanisms that protect their knowledge. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

椰心叶甲在国内的危害与防治研究概况

本文介绍了椰心叶甲在国内的发生、危害、生物学及发生规律,并对椰心叶甲的防治技术作了简要综述。     

广东省杂草稻防控技术初探

研究了不同防控技术对杂草稻的防控效果,结果表明：30％丙草胺乳油处理杂草稻株防效为14.27％～41.04％,1次50％瑞飞特乳油处理防效74.09％～91.15％;鲜重防效以2次处理最高;各处理水稻结实率增加9.53％ ～11.55％,实际产量增加28.9％～68.8％.其中,以水稻浸种剂浸种＋2次50％瑞飞特乳油处理的杂草稻防除效果最佳,水稻增产最显著.     

1O％阿维·茚虫威（艾酷）防治稻纵卷叶螟效果及应用技术

田间药效试验结果表明：10％阿维·茚虫威水分散粒剂对稻纵卷叶螟具有较好的防治效果,其药效随着用药量的增加而极显著上升,药后9d、16d、25d450g/hm^2的处理对稻纵卷叶螟的综合防效分别为87．5％、95．2％、83．5％,与对照药剂10％阿维·氟酰胺悬浮剂450mL／hm^2的处理防效相当,未达极显著差异。试验药剂综合表现为速效性较好、持效期较长,安全性好,因此在当前生产上有良好的推广应用前景。