娄彻氏链霉菌XL-6的抑菌活性及对茄子幼苗的防病促生效应

本文研究了娄彻氏链霉菌Streptomyces rochei XL-6无菌发酵液在自然状态下的抑菌活性及对茄子幼苗的防病促生效果。结果表明,菌株XL-6发酵液的抑菌活性物质可耐70℃高温,在pH 5~8其抑菌活性保持稳定;该抑菌活性物质不受紫外线、蛋白酶K和胰蛋白酶的影响,在4℃条件下贮藏28 d仍可保持良好的抑菌活性。采用不同浓度的发酵液处理茄子幼苗均可提高茄苗对青枯病的抗性,其中,施用40倍发酵液显著降低茄子青枯病发病率和病情指数并显著提高PAL和PPO酶活性,对盆栽茄子的防治效果达64.78%。同时,40倍发酵液显著提高茄子种子发芽率、鲜重、叶绿素含量及根系活力,较病原菌菌体处理和无菌水处理,茄苗干重增幅分别达15.81%和27.95%,对茄苗的促生效果显著。说明适宜浓度的拮抗菌XL-6发酵液兼具防治茄子青枯病和促进植株生长的效果。     

Challenges facing arthropod biological control: identifying traits for genetic improvement of predators in protected crops

Biological control is an efficient pest control method but there are still limitations that are hindering its wider adoption. Genetic improvement of biological control agents (BCAs) can help to overcome these constraints, but the choice of key attributes for better performance that need to be selected is still an open question. Several characteristics have been suggested but the harsh reality is that selective breeding of BCAs has received a lot of attention but resulted in very little progress. Identifying the appropriate traits to be prioritized may be the first step to reverse this situation. In our opinion, the best way is to look at the factors limiting the performance of key BCAs, especially generalist predators (pesticide compatibility, prey‐density dependence, non‐suitable crops, and extreme environmental conditions), and according to these challenges, to choose the attributes that would allow BCAs to overcome those limitations. The benefits of selection for higher resistance to toxins, whether artificially applied (pesticides) or plant produced (plant defenses); increased fitness when feeding on non‐prey food (supplemented or plant‐derived); and better adaptation to extreme temperature and humidity are discussed. In conclusion, genetic improvement of BCAs can bring about new opportunities to biocontrol industry and users to enhance biocontrol resilience. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry     

8种杀螨剂对苹果树红蜘蛛田间防效评价

对8种不同作用机理杀螨剂防治苹果树红蜘蛛的效果进行了田间试验。结果表明：三唑锡、炔螨特、哒螨灵、阿维菌素、唑螨酯、螺螨酯、双甲脒、甲氰菊酯均是防治苹果树红蜘蛛的有效药剂,以螺螨酯的总体防效最好。     

苹果金纹细蛾的生物学特性及药剂试验

苹果金纹细蛾（Ｌｉｔｈｏｃｏｌｌｅｔｉｓ ｒｉｎｇｏｎｉｅｌｌａ Ｍａｔｓ．）在鲁中南地区１年发生５～６代,以蛹在苹果落叶内越冬,翌年３月下旬是开始再现越冬代成虫,４月上旬达盛期。成虫羽化后于次日清晨５：００～６：００开始交配,持续交配１．５～３ｈ,交配后不久在叶片背面产卵,单个散产,平均单雌产卵４０余粒。幼虫孵化后直接景入叶片内取食叶肉,并非苞内化蛹。在１５～３０℃,卵、幼虫、蛹的发育历期分别为     

甜菜筒喙象Lixus subtilis Boheman在藜麦上大暴发

甜菜筒喙象是世界潜在入侵象虫网收录的一种重要象甲科昆虫,主要为害甜菜,以及藜科、苋科和蓼科的一些杂草,国内外未曾见有为害藜麦的报道,2016年7月下旬我们发现该种象虫在北京严重为害藜麦。本文首次报道甜菜筒喙象在藜麦上的发生为害情况,同时介绍了其形态识别特征、生物学特性,给出了防治建议,并提出下一步研究重点,为有效防范甜菜筒喙象的进一步扩散为害,保障我国藜麦产业的健康发展提供科学支撑。     

南亚实蝇成虫空间分布型及抽样技术

南亚实蝇Zeugodacus tau(Walker)是瓜果蔬菜上重要的检疫性害虫,常导致严重的经济损失。本文旨在明确其在主要寄主作物(丝瓜、“苦瓜-桂花”系统)上的空间格局,并根据最适理论抽样数制定了采样方案,以便为该虫管理决策提供科学依据。于2020年7月和9月分别在立架栽培的丝瓜地和“苦瓜-桂花”系统采用黄板诱捕实蝇类害虫,用非参数两独立样本t测验分析不同生境南亚实蝇雌、雄成虫种群密度的差异显著性,用2个常用的聚集度指标(C和k)和2个回归模型(Taylor幂回归模型和Iwao的m~*-m回归模型)分别分析雌虫、雄虫和“雌虫+雄虫”的空间格局。共诱集实蝇成虫3 542头,“苦瓜-桂花”系统只诱集到南亚实蝇,丝瓜地诱集到4种果实蝇,其中南亚实蝇占97.2%,为优势种。桂花树上的南亚实蝇雌虫种群密度显著高于苦瓜地(Z=-2.932,P=0.003),为后者的1.87倍;丝瓜地样地Ⅱ中的雌虫种群密度显著大于样地Ⅰ(Z=-7.160,P<0.001),为后者的3.13倍。回归分析表明,对雌虫,Taylor的b和Iwao的β与1无显著差异(t_c...     

Biological Control of Sclerotinia Diseases of Rapeseed by Aerial Applications of the Mycoparasite Coniothyrium minitans

Indoor and field experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of applying the mycoparasite Coniothyrium minitans to the aerial parts of rapeseed plants at the flowering stage to control sclerotinia diseases caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Under controlled conditions, a petal inoculation technique was used to determine the effect of conidial suspensions of C. minitans on suppression of sclerotinia leaf blight. Results showed that C. minitans was effective in inhibiting infection initiated by ascospores of S. sclerotiorum on flower petals by restricting mycelial growth of the pathogen. Suppression of lesion development was related to the conidial concentration of C. minitans, with larger lesions at low concentration (5×10³conidia ml⁻¹), but smaller lesions at high concentration (5×10⁴ conidia ml⁻¹ or higher). When C. minitans-treated rapeseed leaves were inoculated with mycelia of S. sclerotiorum, C. minitans failed to prevent infection of leaves, but caused a significant reduction in number of sclerotia produced on the diseased leaves. No significant difference in efficacy was detected between the two isolates of C. minitans, LRC 2137 and Chy-1, on the two rapeseed cultivars, Westar (spring type) and Zhongyou 821 (winter type). Results of field trials showed a significant reduction of stem rot of rapeseed in four (1997, 1999, 2003 and 2004) out of five years by aerial application of C. minitans, compared with controls. No significant difference in suppressive efficacy was observed between the treatments of C. minitans (10⁶ conidia ml⁻¹), C. minitans (10⁶ conidia ml⁻¹) + benomyl (50 μg ml⁻¹) and benomyl (100 μg ml⁻¹) in 2003, and between the treatments of C. minitans (10⁶ conidia ml⁻¹), C. minitans (10⁶ conidia ml⁻¹) + vinclozolin (100 μg ml⁻¹) and vinclozolin (500 μg ml⁻¹) in 2004. Sclerotia of S. sclerotiorum collected from diseased plants in plots treated with C. minitans in 1999, 2000 and 2003, or with C. minitans + benomyl in 2003 were infected by C. minitans at frequencies ranging from 21.3 to 54.5%. This study concludes that aerial spraying of C. minitans is an effective method for controlling sclerotinia diseases of rapeseed.     

甜玉米玉米螟的发生危害与防治措施

研究了吉林省公主岭地区甜玉米上亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis(Guene)的发生危害和防治措施。田间抗螟性人工接虫鉴定结果表明,甜玉米710A和普通玉米自交系丹340的食叶级别为9级,即高感玉米螟,而单交种邢抗5号和邢抗2号的食叶级别为5级,为中抗型。与普通感虫和中等抗虫性玉米品种相比,取食甜玉米的玉米螟幼虫存活率高3～7倍,发育速度更快,提前约4～8天(1～2个龄期),说明甜玉米比普通玉米感虫。甜玉米比普通玉米及早播比晚播田更吸引玉米螟产卵。田间小区试验表明,化学杀虫剂的防治效果比白僵菌和苏云金杆菌的好,以氯菊酯喷雾防治效果最好,虫孔减退率达90％;其次是杀螟灵颗粒剂、Bt喷雾和Bt颗粒剂;而白僵菌的防治效果较差,喷雾防治效果好于颗粒剂。大田防治效果与小区试验基本相同。同时还分析了氯菊酯防治甜玉米玉米螟的防治策略、防治时期、施用次数等。此外,对Bt制剂作为化学杀虫剂的取代品及与其它生物防治方法协调使用的优点与潜力进行了讨论。     

深圳红火蚁蚁巢密度、社会型研究及防治效果评价

本文报道了深圳红火蚁生境类型与蚁巢密度的关系,社会型的鉴别以及应用茚虫威对多后型和单后型、多后型共存地区的防治效果。红火蚁的蚁巢密度（巢/100 m2）与生境类型密切相关,在所调查的5类生境中,待建地的蚁巢密度最高,为3.81巢/100 m2,公路边的次之,为2.95巢/100 m2,城市绿地的最低,为0.63巢/100 m2。应用多元PCR技术对6个行政区社会型进行鉴别的结果表明,福田、龙岗、南山区为多后型与单后型共存,单后型与多后型的比仅为1∶(3~4)。罗湖、宝安、盐田3区全部为多后型;多后型地区的蚁巢密度（2.2巢/100 m2）比单后型地区（1.9巢/100 m2）的为高,但没有显著差异;应用茚虫威进行防治60 d后的调查结果表明,多后型地区的防治效果（97.8%）比单后型地区（96.7%）的要好,但没有显著差异。最后,本文对这些结果产生的原因及应用价值进行了讨论。     

2012年玉米大斑病重发原因和控制对策

玉米大斑病是由真菌引起的世界性玉米病害,常给生产造成严重损失。2012年玉米大斑病在东北、华北地区大流行,本文归纳了玉米大斑病全国发生概况、区域分布和各地病情。总结了2012年玉米大斑病发病时间早,流行速度快,品种间和地区间发病程度差异大等发生特点,分析了适宜天气条件、主栽品种不抗病、栽培管理措施不合理是导致大斑病重发的主要原因。并针对性地提出了重视玉米病害的预测预报、推荐种植抗病品种、加强病害综合防治的对策建议,旨在对今后进一步做好玉米大斑病测报工作,指导玉米病害防治、有效控制其危害、保障玉米生产有所裨益。