规模化猪场清粪工艺比选分析

生猪产业是中国畜牧业的主导产业,是城乡居民"菜篮子"产品的重要组成部分。随着生猪产业的持续发展,养殖所产生的粪便污染对环境的影响也日益突出,逐渐成为重要的农业面源污染之一。作者简要论述了生猪养殖对环境的影响,分析了当前生猪养殖的几种重要清粪工艺,对规模化猪场清粪工艺进行了比选分析,并提出了规模化猪场清粪工艺选择的建议。     

人类活动对珠江三角洲酸性硫酸盐土壤发育的影响

In the Pearl River Delta with more than 1000 years of intensive land reclamation history,the development of acid sulphate soils has been generally limited in terms of their acid potential (pyrite content)and spatial extent.This is attributed to the rapid delta progradation,partially resulted from increasing sediment yield caused by deforestation within the catchment and the empolderment in the estuarine embayment.The empolderment practice accompanied by the clearance of mangroves stopped the upward growth of the pyritic layer on the one hand and limited the vertical accretion of non-pyritic freshwater sediments over the pyritic layer on the one hand and limited the vertical accretion of non-pyritic freshwater sediments over the pyritic estuarine sediments on the other.In such a case,the pyritic layer in the area is frequently thin and of shallow occurrence.Under forced leaching-recharge conditions for the paddy rice cultivation ,the leaching of acid sulphate materials prevails over its production and this leads to a net loss in pyrite oxidation products.Land excavation for fishpond farming accelerates pyrite oxidation due to the direct exposure of the pyrtic sediments to air on the pond bunds.Severe acidification can intensity the environmental degradation of estuarine ecosystems.     

保护性耕作条件下河北粮食作物植物保护新问题和治理对策

保护性耕作是相对于传统翻耕的一种新型耕作技术,已在我国北方大面积推广应用。近年来随着新的耕作方式的实施我国河北省小麦全蚀病等土传性病害发生程度加重,发生范围扩大;小麦赤霉病等南方性病害向河北蔓延;农田草害加重;次要病虫害上升为主要病虫害等。本文对保护性耕作条件下,粮食作物上出现的新的植物保护问题进行了综述,并对治理对策进行了探讨。     

我国不同奶业产区规模化牧场饲料结构分析

在奶牛养殖规模化水平不断提高,养殖成本日益增加,且区域间差异明显的背景下,饲料作为奶牛养殖主要投入品,了解其在规模化牧场生产成本中的结构对于优化奶牛日粮结构、降低养殖成本、缩小区域间养殖效益差距等具有重要意义。本文利用2018—2020年规模牧场月度调研数据,分析了我国规模化牧场饲料结构情况。研究发现,大城市周边产区和南方产区的精饲料和粗饲料的比例相对更加科学,华北产区仍有较大提升空间,并且玉米、豆粕、玉米青贮和苜蓿草在日粮中占有较大比重,达到84.62%;不同产区奶牛日粮结构具有明显差距,玉米青贮和苜蓿草在西北产区占比最高,玉米和豆粕在南方产区占比最高。注重发挥区域优势,加大优质粗饲料和可替代饲料的利用,有利于降低养殖成本,提高养殖的科学性和可持续性。     

Food animals as reservoirs and potential sources of multidrug-resistant diarrheagenic E. coli pathotypes: Focus on intensive pig farming in South Africa

BackgroundDiarrheagenic E. coli (DEC) strains are a major cause of diarrheal diseases in both developed and developing countries. Healthy asymptomatic animals may be reservoirs of zoonotic DEC, which may enter the food chain via the weak points in hygiene practices.AimWe investigated the prevalence of DEC along the pig production continuum from farm-to-fork.MethodsA total of 417 samples were collected from specific points along the pig production system, that is, farm, transport, abattoir and food. E. coli was isolated and enumerated using Colilert. Ten isolates from each Quanti-tray were selected randomly and phenotypically identified using eosin methylene blue agar selective media. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to confirm the species and to classify them into the various diarrheagenic pathotypes. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined against a panel of 20 antibiotics using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method and EUCAST guideline.ResultsThe final sample size consisted of 1044 isolates, of which 45.40% (474/1044) were DEC and 73% (762/1044) were multidrug-resistant. Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) was the most predominant DEC at all the sampling sites.ConclusionThe presence of DEC in food animal production environments and food of animal origin could serve as reservoirs for transmitting these bacteria to humans, especially in occupationally exposed workers and via food. Adherence to good hygienic practices along the pig production continuum is essential for mitigating the risk of transmission and infection, and ensuring food safety.     

基于动物福利视角的规模化奶牛养殖场经济效应分析

本研究遵循动物福利"5F"原则,结合150家规模化奶牛养殖场实地调研数据,构建奶牛场动物福利评价体系,测度动物福利水平,并进一步建立嵌入动物福利水平测度值的规模化奶牛养殖场收入函数,验证关联效应.结果表明:生理福利和环境福利是影响我国规模化奶牛养殖场动物福利的最重要的2个维度,受访的规模化奶牛养殖场生理福利和环境福利的...     

我国农机作业委托决策支持系统研究

在对农机作业委托现存问题分析的基础上,提出了农机作业委托决策支持系统的总体设计和开发原则;拟定了系统的逻辑结构,即以数据库、模型库作为信息基础,完成信息查询和作业调度的功能,实现为决策者提供作业信息和决策支持的功能。     

回归低熵化还是走向现代化--关于世界农业前途的讨论

20世纪70年代以来,围绕着农业发展前途问题,在世界上,尤其是西方国家,进行着热烈的争论．鉴于对资源环境的担忧,有些环境保护主义者主张农业走回归、低熵化、低投入、自然农业的道路,他们反对农业现代化,反对农业的外部投入,尤其是化石能的投入;另一些人则不赞成这种极端的复古思潮,主张走向农业现代化、集约化、商品化、持续化．本文从理论与实践两个层面对此进行了初步分析讨论,并提出了中国实现农业现代化、走集约持续农业道路的设想。     

蔬菜一年三熟高效种植模式分析

绿色有机旱作农业是山西农业的传统特色。长治市属于典型的雨养农业、旱作农业区,长治市潞州区抓住绿色有机旱作农业的发展机遇,积极探索适宜该地区、具有区域特色的绿色有机旱作农业技术模式。该技术模式是通过合理的茬口安排,实行一年多茬栽培,“春白菜-甘蓝-秋白菜”是典型的一年三熟种植模式,通过对这种三收高效种植模式的种植方式、田间管理、病虫害防治等方面的分析,提出了实现高效种植的基本措施;按照绿色有机旱作标准制定种植方案,实现提质增效,通过提高复种指数,增加经济效益,为干旱地区绿色有机旱作农业发展提供技术参考。