林地使用权的相关问题探讨

林地使用权仅限于从林地所有权人处获得初始使用权,以及通过转让方式从原林地使用权人处获得的权利。林地使用权出租形成林地租赁权,不应纳入林地使用权的范畴。林地承包经营权则属于林地使用权中的一个类别。林地使用权的性质为用益物权,内容包括种植林木,利用林下资源从事采集、种植或养殖,以及森林景观开发等权利。     

三权分置制度在农村土地中的实施现状及对策研究

“三权分置”制度改革在我国农村的推行,有利于在不影响承包权的前提下,解放经营 权,对于农村土地所有制的实现具有十分重要的意义。然而当前“三全分置”在我国农村的实施 还存在着承包权与经营权权力关系和土地经营权能否抵押土地等一系列问题。因此,本文主要 是对“三权分置”在我国的农村实施现状进行了分析,并提出了解决“三权分置”实施问题的相应 策略,以期推动“三权分置”制度在我国农村的顺利实施。     

基于南昌七所高校大学生“分期购”的使用状况调查分析

本文以实际问卷调查结果为依据,分析了南昌市高校大学生分期购的使用现状,通过对 南昌市高校大学生分期购使用现状的分析,了解在互联网飞速发展的今天,作为互联网强烈依赖 者的高校学子对于分期购产品的了解和使用情况,并在此基础上对高校分期购产品在使用过程 中可能出现的风险进行了深度分析,进一步了解了影响风险的各种因素之间的关系,这对于分期 购的科学推进是十分必要的。     

The role of time preferences in contract breach: Evidence from Chinese poultry farmers participating in contract farming

Farmers’ contract breach behavior is cited as one of the major stumbling blocks in the sustainable expansion of contract farming in many developing countries. This paper examines farmers’ contract breach decisions from the perspective of time preferences. The empirical analysis is based on a household survey and economic field experiments of poultry households participating in contract farming conducted in Jiangsu Province, China. A discounted utility model and a maximum likelihood technique are applied to estimate farmers’ time preferences and the effect of time preferences on contract breach in the production and sales phases are explored with a bivariate probit model. The results show that, on average, the poultry farmers in the sample are generally present biased and impatient regarding future utility. The regression results show that farmers with a higher preference for the present and a higher discount rate are more likely to breach contracts, and time preferences play a greater role in the production phase than in the sales phase. When considering heterogeneity, specific investments and transaction costs promote contract stability only for farmers with a low degree of impatience. Moreover, compared with large-scale farmers, small-scale farmers’ contract breach decisions are more significantly affected by their time preferences. These results have implications for contract stability policies and other issues that are impacted by the linking of behavioral preferences to agricultural decisions.     

运输问题最优方案探讨

运用两种方法即最小元素法和最大最小元素法。求运输问题的最优方案。最小元素法编制初始方案只考虑运价:最大最小元素法编制初始方案既考虑运价,又同时考虑了供求量。两种方法编制初始方案出发点不同,通过调整、改进,最终得到的使总运费最少的最优方案就不一样。因此,运输问题最优方案不是唯一的。     

我国籼稻区不同种植模式的效益比较及经营问题——以湖南省为例

基于湖南省长沙县、岳阳县、临澧县和益阳市大通湖区4个主产县（区）水稻种植户微观调研数据,按早稻、双季晚稻、一季稻以及再生稻的种植模式分类,对不同模式成本效益的变化趋势、不同规模经营效益等进行了分析,并探析了不同模式生产经营中面临的个性问题、共性问题和区域问题。结果发现,不同种稻模式和主体单位面积净利润均呈下降趋势,适度规模具有成本优势;再生稻效益较好,但面临制度和技术限制;籼稻区面临的共性和区域问题包括机械化率低、信贷成本高、品牌效应弱等。基于此,从政府加大农田基础设施建设力度、完善社会化服务、畅通信贷渠道、引导订单化生产、将再生稻纳入粮食统计等方面提出了提高我国籼稻生产经营效益的政策建议。     

On‐site and off‐site effects of wind erosion on European light soils

In intensively cultivated areas with light soils in Europe, wind erosion can have important on‐site and off‐site effects. In the framework of the EU research project Wind Erosion and European Light Soils (WEELS), an assessment has been made of these effects and of the order of magnitude of the damage and costs caused by these effects. An analysis is made of the land use and cropping in four selected sites, and farmers have provided information about the damage of wind erosion. This damage consists mainly of crop losses and additional inputs in the case of resowing. Detailed information from one of these sites shows that depending on the crop the average annual on‐site costs in high‐risk areas amount to about €60 per hectare. However, for sugar beet and oilseed rape the costs can be once in five years as much as €500 per hectare. Farmers are generally well aware of the erosion risk and do apply a variety of control measures. With these measures the average annual costs of wind erosion can be reduced significantly. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Social costs and incentives for optimal control of soil nutrient depletion in the central highlands of Ethiopia

This study analysed trade-offs between short- and long-term objectives of soil use by smallholder teff farmers in Ethiopia. Compared to socially optimal solutions it was found that smallholder farmers discount the future at higher private rates leading to overexploitation of soil nutrients. Current soil conservation efforts, however, are well above static optimization levels suggesting smallholder farmers consider the long-term (dynamic) costs of soil degradation. There is evidence of high social gains from better utilization of soil resources through appropriate policy such as tenure security, to improve incentives for smallholder farmers to adjust input use towards socially desirable dynamic optimization levels.     

Determining the disaggregated economic value of irrigation water in the Musi sub-basin in India

In this paper the residual method is used to determine the disaggregated economic value of irrigation water used in agriculture across crops, zones and seasons. This method relies on the belief that the value of a good (its price by its quantity) is equal to the summation of the quantity of each input multiplied by its average value. By applying this method to the Musi sub-basin; a subdivision of the Krishna basin in India, it was found that the value of irrigation water use is not equated across the crops, zones and seasons. The reasons why there is no sinlge value of irrigation water use are suggested. As farmers do not have perfect knowledge, do not all possess the same resource base, plant different crops for a variety of reasons (some for a financial return on land instead of water and others for sustenance), possess different crop rotation practices and are possibly riks adverse, they all value water differently. However, the results need to be interpreted with care as the crop with the lowest return to water is probably not the one to be sacrificed if water is restricted, since farmers plant crops for a variety of reasons (and sometimes not for the highest return to water that they can achieve).     

Impact of Caligus treatments on unit costs of heterogeneous salmon farms in Chile

We measure the impact that sanitary treatments that control ectoparasite Caligus rogercresseyi abundance have on unit production costs of Salmo salar farms in Chile. We follow complete production cycles for a sample of farms between 2009 and 2015. We estimate a simultaneous salmon biomass growth and Caligus abundance model. The statistical analysis determines the effect of antiparasitic treatments, location of farms, environmental conditions and Caligus abundance on the salmon growth profile. Using outside cost information, we simulate how unit production costs vary by treatment and farm characteristics. Our results suggest that unit production costs increase on average by $1.4?US/kg with Caligus and treatments. Treatment costs are compensated by higher harvesting levels, and unit production costs are invariant to the situation without treatment. All estimated effects differ depending on farm’s environmental and spatial conditions, suggesting that the design of cost-effective intervention calls for discriminatory regulation under heterogeneous conditions.