葡萄园反转双旋耕轮开沟机的研制

开沟施肥是葡萄园生产过程中的重要环节。传统的葡萄园开沟施肥通常是人工挖掘填埋,劳动强度大,工作效率低。为了提高开沟效率,通过对葡萄园环境及其开沟农艺要求的分析,设计制造了一种驱动型葡萄园小型开沟机,该机为旋耕刀以反转方式进行开沟工作,抛出的土由挡土导流板引导落在沟的两旁。对开沟机进行的性能试验结果表明:该开沟机2次作业开出的沟深可达500mm左右,沟宽超过200mm,且沟壁光滑、沟型整齐平直、沟中残留碎土少,满足葡萄园农艺要求;该机开沟部件碎土、抛土性能好,整机操作灵活,能适应葡萄园管理要求,也可用于其他果园、茶园、农田等开沟作业;该开沟机成本低,经济效益较好。     

Nitrous oxide emissions under a four-year crop rotation system in northern Japan: impacts of reduced tillage,composted cattle manure application and increased plant residue input

In the context of their role in global warming, nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from agricultural soil under different management practices were studied in Hokkaido, northern Japan. To assess the impacts of reduced tillage, composted cattle manure-based fertilization and amendments with crop residues and green manure on N₂O emissions from soil, a field experiment was conducted under a four-year crop rotation on a well-drained Andisol. The crop rotation included potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) or sweet corn (Zea mays L.), winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris) and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). The cumulative N₂O emissions for the four-year study period differed widely (0.33 to 4.90?kg?N?ha^?1), depending on the treatments imposed, being the greatest for a combination of conventional moldboard plow tillage, composted cattle manure-based fertilization and increased plant residue input, and the lowest for a combination of conventional tillage, chemical fertilizer-based fertilization and normal plant residue input treatments. The cumulative N₂O emissions under reduced tillage were all small, irrespective of fertilization and plant residue input treatments. Composted cattle manure-based fertilization (P?≤?0.01) and increased plant residue input (P?≤?0.01) significantly increased cumulative N₂O emissions. Tillage showed a significant interaction with fertilization and plant residue input, indicating that N₂O emissions were enhanced when composted cattle manure, crop residues and green manure were incorporated by conventional tillage. In the present study, the N₂O emission factors for chemical fertilizer, composted cattle manure and crop residues were 0.26?±?0.44, 0.11?±?0.16 and ?0.03?±?0.52%, respectively, all much lower than the country-specific emission factor for Japan's well-drained soils (0.62%) and the default emission factor used in the IPCC guideline (1%).     

Effects of tillage practices combined with mucuna fallow on soil erosion and water dynamics on Ishigaki Island,Japan

Abstract

This study was conducted on a sloping field at the Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Okinawa Subtropical Station, Ishigaki Island, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan, to evaluate the effects of zero tillage farming combined with mucuna fallow as a cover crop on soil erosion and water dynamics. Two fallow systems (natural and mucuna) in combination with two soil tillage treatments (zero tillage and conventional tillage) were imposed on three sloping fields (2.0°, 3.5° and 5.0°). A sorghum crop (Sorghum bicolor (L) moench) was planted after the soil tillage treatment. Soil loss for zero tillage farming combined with mucuna fallow was equivalent to only 3% of that for the conventional tillage farming with natural fallow. Runoff water was also reduced by between 74% and 77% when compared with the conventional tillage system with natural fallow. These results indicate that zero tillage with mucuna fallow is a very effective measure for the control of soil erosion and water runoff. Moreover, this farming system improved water infiltration during both the fallow and the sorghum cropping periods. For the zero tillage plot, water loss as deep percolation increased 1.6-fold compared with that for the conventional farming under heavy rainfall conditions. It is expected that under less rainfall areas or seasons, the effects of zero tillage farming combined with the mucuna cover crop may be more pronounced on water runoff control and, therefore, may greatly improve soil water conditions.     

Simulation and 137Cs tracer show tillage erosion translocating soil organic carbon,phosphorus, and potassium

Research on how tillage‐induced soil redistribution affects soil properties is limited for complex slopes in nonmechanized agricultural areas. The objectives of this study are (1) to examine the vertical redistribution of soil organic C (SOC), extractable P and K induced by tillage on a complex slope, (2) to assess the effects of tillage erosion on soil profile properties, and (3) to elucidate the variations in soil properties induced by both vertical mixture and downslope transport of soil within the landscape. Simulated tillage was conducted in the Yangtze Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China. The ¹³⁷Cs data showed that intense tillage caused the soil vertical mixture and downslope transport. The redistribution of ¹³⁷Cs and soil constituents varied with the number of tillage passes and location in relation to curvature. SOC was completely depleted with the disappearance of soil profiles at the summit position, while SOC concentrations decreased by 26% for the till layer and increased by 29% for the sublayer at the toeslope position for the 15‐tillage operation, as compared with those of pretillage. The vertical redistribution of extractable P and K followed a similar pattern to that of SOC. The gap and variation in soil constituents between the till layer and sublayer declined after tillage, suggesting that the mixing effect of tillage attenuates the variability of soil properties in the vertical direction. Net loss and gain of soil constituents occurred at the summit and toeslope positions, respectively, suggesting that the downslope transport of soil induced by tillage accentuates the variability of soil properties in the lateral direction.     

Long‐term tillage effects on the distribution of phosphorus fractions of loess soils in Germany

Different tillage systems may affect P dynamics in soils due to differently distributed plant residues, different aggregate dynamics and erosion losses, but quantitative data are scarce. Objectives were to investigate the effect of tillage on the availability of P in a long‐term field trial on loess soils (Phaeozems and Luvisols) initiated from 1990 to 1997. Four research sites in E and S Germany were established with a crop rotation consisting of two times winter wheat followed by sugar beet. The treatments were no‐till (NT) without cultivation, except for seedbed preparation to a depth of 5 cm before sugar beet was sown and conventional tillage (CT) with mouldboard plowing down to 25–30 cm. Soil P was divided into different pools by a sequential extraction method, and total P (P_t) in the single P fractions was extracted by digesting the extracts of the fractionation to calculate the contents of organic P. The P_t content (792 mg [kg soil]^–1) in the topsoil (0–5 cm) of NT was 15% higher compared to CT, while with increasing depth the P_t content decreased more under NT than under CT. This was also true for the other P fractions except for residual P. The higher P contents in the topsoil of NT presumably resulted from the shallower incorporation of harvest residues and fertilizer P compared to CT, whereas estimated soil losses and thus also P losses due to water erosion were only small for both treatments. Contents of oxalate‐extractable Fe and organic C were positively related to the labile fractions of inorganic P, while there was a high correlation of the stable fractions with the clay contents and pH. Multiple regression analyses explained 50% of the variability of these P fractions. Overall, only small differences in the P fractions and availability were observed between the long‐term tillage treatments.     

Spatial Variability Patterns of Wheat Growth and Soil Properties in a Small Field as Affected by Tillage Intensity

Abstract

The objective of this study was to obtain information about spatial heterogeneity as a basis for site-specific soil and crop management in small fields. The spatial variability patterns of wheat growth parameters and soil properties, e.g. nitrate, available phosphate, pH, and soil surface hardness, were investigated on a 0.25 ha field of Humic Andosol in 1998 - 1999. Two plots in the field had been tilled with different intensities since autumn 1997. A plot was minimum-tilled with a rotary tiller (MT) and the other plot was conventionally tilled with a moldboard plow and disc-harrowed (CT). Raw data, collected from 100 locations with 2.5 m×5 m spacing in each plot, were divided into trends (large-scale deterministic structure) and residuals (small-scale stochastic structure) by median polishing. Trends were more dominant in CT than in MT. The trend of wheat above-ground biomass at harvest was similar to those of soil nitrate and available phosphate. These trends were partly due to high variability across rows, possibly caused by the same traffic direction of farming operations for several years. The residual data, on the other hand, showed no correlation among the parameters. The spatial dependency of the residual data for soil properties, except for pH, was not apparent for distances larger than the minimum sampling distance (2.5 m). It is concluded that modification of fertilizer application based on the trend data may improve the efficiency of fertilizer use while small-scale site-specific management based on the residual data may be practically difficult. Key words :     

Soil Ecosystem Changes During the Transition to No-Till Cropping

Summary

Growers in the United States and worldwide are adopting no-tillage (no-till) cropping to reduce soil erosion, improve soil quality, increase water infiltration, and reduce number of passes with farm equipment over their fields. Soil erosion from dry farmed (i.e., non-irrigated) cropland in most regions of the United States exceeds the tolerable rate. An understanding of the changes in the soil ecosystem with changing tillage practices is needed to minimize the impact of agriculture on the environment and foster the use of sustainable agricultural practices. The soil biota is critical to the functioning of any agro-ecosystem, but studying the soil biota is difficult due to the diversity and the challenges associated with isolating and identifying these organisms. Soil disturbance or lack of disturbance can have a profound effect on biotic populations, processes and community structure. This contribution examines changes that occur in soil during the transition to no-till cropping, interrelations among organisms in the soil food web, and the relationships between organisms and their environment. As interest grows in sustainable cropping systems that mimic processes and soil organic matter turnover of native, undisturbed systems, it is imperative to understand how the transition to no-till affects an organism's niche, or functional role within the soil environment. Ecosystem investigations will enhance the understanding of changes that occur with the adoption of reduced tillage and no-till cropping systems so that these systems become increasingly viable.     

垄作免耕对稻田土壤有机碳活性组分和δ13C的影响

【目的】阐明垄作免耕对稻田土壤有机碳活性组分和δ13C的影响,为揭示垄作免耕下稻田土壤累积、转化的特殊性提供科学参考。【方法】依托稻田免耕长期定位试验,对比分析常规平作（中稻）、垄作免耕（中稻）、水旱轮作（中稻-油菜,稻油）和垄作免耕轮作（中稻-油菜,稻油）等4种耕作处理对不同深度（0—10 cm、10—20 cm、20—40 cm和40—60 cm）土层中总有机碳、颗粒有机碳、易氧化有机碳和δ13C等指标的影响。【结果】垄作免耕轮作（稻油）中,20—40 cm土层的总有机碳含量显著高于其它处理,各深度土层中颗粒有机碳含量和分配比例均高于其它耕作处理,10—20 cm和20—40 cm土层的易氧化有机碳含量显著高于其它耕作处理（P＜0.05）。水旱轮作（稻油）中,各土层的总有机碳含量、颗粒有机碳含量和易氧化有机碳含量均低于其它耕作处理。不同处理中,土壤碳库管理指数的最高值和最低值分别出现在垄作免耕轮作（稻油）的20—40 cm土层和水旱轮作（稻油）的40—60 cm土层,垄作免耕轮作（稻油）的10—20 cm 和20—40 cm土层碳库管理指数显著高于其它处理（P＜0.05）。相比其它处理,垄作免耕轮作（稻油）的土壤有机碳δ13C值在0—40 cm深度范围的各土层中差异不大,到40—60 cm土层才出现显著升高。【结论】相比其它耕作处理,长期（20年）垄作免耕轮作（稻油）稻田20—40 cm土层中增碳优势突出,该耕作处理有利于稻田中土壤颗粒有机碳的形成和累积,对20—40 cm土层中活性碳库的稳定和保护作用明显优于其它耕作处理;有大量活性高、降解程度低的有机碳在垄作免耕轮作（稻油）的20—40 cm土层中累积。     

Impact of cultivation method on productivity and botanical composition of a kikuyu–ryegrass pasture

Kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum)–ryegrass (Lolium spp.) cultivated pastures form the base for dairy production in the southern Cape region of South Africa. The impact of various methods and implements used to over-sow ryegrass on the productivity and botanical composition of the pasture is unknown. The study aimed to assess the impact of cultivation along a soil disturbance gradient on the productivity and botanical composition of kikuyu-based pastures. Five tillage treatments were assessed, namely kikuyu over-sown with ryegrass using a minimum till planter, eradication of kikuyu with herbicide and ryegrass sown with a minimum-till planter, shallow (<150 mm) and deep (>150 mm) disturbance with a rotavator or conventional tillage, respectively, and a control. The autumn, spring, summer and annual productions of treatments with the least soil disturbance were the highest (P ≤ 0.05). Shallow or deep tillage resulted in intermediate annual productions and the lowest (P ≤ 0.05) was recorded for the herbicide treatment. Differences in production caused by different tillage methods were significant (P ≤ 0.05) and changed the botanical composition. Kikuyu over-sown with ryegrass using a mulcher and minimum-till planter was the most viable option to manage cultivated pastures.     

不同耕作方式对小麦田杂草的发生及小麦产量的影响

探讨四川省小麦田免耕不覆盖稻草、免耕覆盖稻草、翻耕3种不同耕作方式下杂草发生规律以及小麦生长差异,结果表明,免耕处理可减少杂草的发生,免耕加5 000 kg/hm2稻草覆盖量可有效控制小麦田杂草的发生;免耕不覆盖稻草和翻耕处理在小麦播后2周左右杂草有1个出苗高峰,因此应在小麦播种后第2周对杂草进行化学防除.3种不同耕作方式下对小麦生长发育影响较大的杂草为禾本科杂草和繁缕;覆盖稻草可在一定程度上促进小麦出苗后的生长,产量也较未覆盖处理和翻耕处理高.