垄改平对土壤水分及玉米产量的影响

为了完善保护性耕作技术,以玉米品种克单14为试验材料,研究常规垄作、灭茬平作、留茬平作对玉米生长发育的影响。结果表明:常规垄作可以促进玉米生长发育,提高苗期地温,灭茬平作和常规垄作处理较留茬平作处理增产。     

深松作业效果试验及评价方法研究

【目的】分析单、双铲深松作业效果及评价方法,为提高耕作质量和减少能源消耗的深松作业提供决策依据。【方法】以箭形深松铲为对象,在模拟大田土壤环境的基础上,利用室内土槽研究了单、双铲深松作业效果及评价方法,提出了土壤硬度变化系数、土壤体积膨松系数、单位松土带宽度耕作阻力系数和土壤相互扰动系数等4个评价指标。【结果】(1)单、双铲深松作业后的平均土垄高度差分别为7.342cm和6.492cm,双铲比单铲的平均土垄高度差减少11.58%,说明双铲深松后的地表平整性优于单铲,且深松铲间距是影响土壤体积膨松程度的主要因素,其对深松后土壤形成的垄形与坑形有重要影响;(2)在土壤扰动区域内,当深松深度为3~17cm时,双铲作业的土壤硬度变化程度较单铲显著,当深度为17~30cm时,单铲作业的土壤硬度变化程度大于双铲;(3)深松单位松土带宽度时,双铲的平均耕作阻力为单铲的0.668倍,较单铲减少69.31N,双铲的能耗较单铲减少33.2%;(4)双铲的土壤相互扰动系数为1.170,深松铲布局方式对土壤扰动有重要影响。【结论】本研究结果有利于深入理解单、双铲的深松作业效果,促进符合节能减阻要求的深松机具的研发及田间作业机器系统的优化选用。     

2BYML-4型玉米垄作免耕播种机的设计与试验

研制一种可一次性完成玉米根茬粉碎还田、起垄、施肥、精密播种联合作业的2BYML-4型玉米垄作免耕播种机,对其整机结构和工作原理进行了分析,通过理论计算确定了仿形机构、灭茬刀转速和控制系统的相关参数。田间试验结果显示:垄高、垄顶宽、垄间距合格率分别达到94.73%、90.64%和90.13%;粒距合格指数92.0%,标准差11.99,变异系数5.24%;漏播指数4%,重播指数 4%;种子覆土深度合格率为88.3%,种下施肥合格率为89.7%,变异系数分别为9.71%和10.32%。该机田间作业垄形规则,种、肥田间分布均匀合理,其结构参数和工作参数组合,更好地满足了旱地农业保护性耕作要求并有效改善生态环境。     

旱作农田种植碳排放主要因素 及减排措施研究

农业生产是温室气体排放第二大排放源,降低农业生产的碳排放具有意义重大。本文梳理了种植生产过程中碳排放相关的文献,发现种植过程产生碳排放的主要因素之一是化肥的生产和使用。通过优化秸秆和肥料利用模式成为化肥减施和替代的重要途径,综合考虑了农田碳排放和土壤固碳,为进一步研究旱作农田减排措施提供参考。     

稻田不同免耕轮作模式对土壤性质的影响

为研究稻田不同免耕轮作模式对土壤性质的影响,基于2004年在成都平原建立的耕作定位试验,以当地传统麦稻周年旋耕+无秸秆还田(CW-CR)模式为对照,设置麦稻周年免耕+秸秆还田(ZW-ZR)和油稻周年免耕+秸秆还田(ZO-ZR)2种免耕轮作处理,2014年后分层取样测试土壤物理、化学性质和主要酶活性。结果表明:和CW-CR相比,连续免耕配合秸秆还田促进土壤有机碳和碱解氮含量的提高,土壤表层(0～7.5 cm)增幅分别为41.3%～52.2%和33.6%～33.7%,差异达显著水平。免耕模式不同土层有效钾含量显著低于对照模式,降幅19.8%～25.7%。连续免耕促进直径2 mm的水稳性团聚体的大幅增加,但对不同土层容重、孔隙度和最大持水量等物理性质及土壤酶活性影响较小。周年免耕条件下,麦稻模式较油稻模式更利于表层土壤5 mm水稳性团聚体的形成,其他多数指标无显著差异。0～7.5 cm土壤质量指数(Soil quality index,SQI)排序为ZO-ZRZW-ZRCW-CR。连续免耕可以提高小麦和油菜产量,但水稻产量不及对照模式,ZW-ZR和ZO-ZR模式平均降幅8.7%和4.6%。本研究条件下,免耕可改善稻田土壤质量,ZO-ZR模式优于ZW-ZR模式,但土壤质量的改善与水稻生产力的提高不同步。     

液控式垄向区田筑垱机的设计及仿真

为了实现垄向区田筑的高质量和高效率作业,设计一种液压控制式垄向区田筑机。介绍其工作原理,应用Pro/E和ADAMS软件进行筑机的设计、建模和运动学仿真分析。结果表明,此种设计方法缩短了筑机的设计周期,仿真分析结果验证了其工作原理的可行性,所设计的液控式垄向区田筑机能够实现最佳距的方便、快速调节,满足设计要求,为实现垄向区田技术提供了一种新机具。     

长期深耕秸秆还田配施生物炭对砂姜黑土团聚体及小麦-玉米产量的影响

为探究耕作方式、秸秆还田和生物炭添加结合对土壤团聚体粒径分布、团聚体养分特征、养分库储量及小麦-玉米周年产量的影响,本研究采用3因素2水平试验设计,分别为耕作方式：常规旋耕（CT）,深翻耕作（DT）;秸秆处理：秸秆还田（S）、秸秆不还田（NS）;生物炭：生物炭添加（B）、无生物炭添加（NB）,共8个处理。结果表明：无生物炭添加时,旋耕秸秆还田显著提高了0~15 cm土层团聚体稳定性及土壤养分库储量,而深耕秸秆还田显著改善了>15~30 cm土层土壤团粒组成,提升土壤肥力,促进作物增产。相关性分析表明,砂姜黑土中作物产量的提升更依赖于深层（>15~30 cm）土壤物理结构的改善和土壤肥力的提升。配施生物炭后如DT-S-B（深耕秸秆还田配施生物炭）较CT-NS-NB（旋耕秸秆不还田无生物炭）处理尤其使>15~30 cm土层团聚体稳定性显著增强,>2 mm粒级团聚体比例、重量平均直径和几何平均直径值分别增加165.88%、62.37%和119.81%,显著提高>2 mm粒级团聚体有机碳、全氮和全磷含量,提高了>2 mm粒级团聚体有机碳和养分固持能力,降低了<2 mm粒级团聚体有机碳和养分固持能力,使>15~30 cm土层土壤有机碳库储量、全氮、全磷和全钾库储量分别显著提升37.41%、38.99%、41.26%和9.84%,促使2年作物周年产量平均增加22.96%,但在深耕秸秆还田的基础上配施生物炭在短期内增产效果不显著。综上,深耕秸秆还田配施生物炭能够显著改善黄淮海南部砂姜黑土深层土壤团聚体粒径分布和稳定性,提升了土壤肥力和作物周年产量,保障了农田高效绿色可持续生产。     

大垄双行玉米免耕播种技术研究

主要针对我国东北冷凉风沙区在玉米播种时,难以实现原垄免耕播种的问题,提出了大垄双行玉米错茬免耕垄作播种的作业思路,大垄双行技术是指将传统的一垄一行改为一垄双行,垄台宽度约为传统垄台的3倍,目前设计为700 mm;建立了相应的试验田.试验表明:该项技术能够在田间大量玉米根茬直立覆盖情况下,在大垄上实现两行玉米错茬播种,保持垄形,作业质量满足农艺要求.与传统播种方式相比,具有提高地温、降低作业成本、提高产量等优点,可以提高地温约1℃,降低机械作业成本350元/hm2,提高产量14.42%,是保护性耕作技术在东北冷凉风沙区推广应用的一种较理想的模式.     

Effect of tillage and crop on arbuscular mycorrhiza colonization of winter wheat and triticale under Mediterranean conditions

Large‐scale inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is generally impractical in most regions and we have little understanding of the factors that determine inoculation success. Nevertheless, the ability to take full advantage of indigenous AMF for sustainable production needs to be developed within cropping systems. We used part of a long‐term field experiment to understand the influence of tillage and the preceding crop on AMF colonization over the growing season. Arbuscular mycorrhiza colonization rate was more affected by treatment (tillage or the combination of crop and preceding crop) than by the total number of AMF spores in the soil. Conventional tillage (CT) had a statistically significant negative effect (P ≤ 0.05) on spore numbers isolated from the soil, but only in the first year of study. However, the AMF colonization rate was significantly reduced by CT, and the roots of wheat, Triticum aestivum, L, cv. Coa after sunflower, Helianthus annuus L., were less well colonized than were those of triticale, X Triticosecale Wittmack, cv. Alter after wheat, but the affect of tillage was more pronounced than was the effect of crop combination. Under no‐till there was a significant increase in AMF colonization rate throughout the sampling period in both wheat and triticale, indicating that the extraradical mycelium previously produced acted as a source of inoculum. In general, triticale showed greater AMF colonization than wheat, despite the preceding crop being less mycotrophic. Under these experimental conditions, typical of Mediterranean agricultural systems, AMF colonization responded more strongly to tillage practices than to the combination of crop and preceding crop.     

Tillage and Lime Rate Effects on Soil Acidity and Grain Yields of a Ten-Year Corn–Soybean Rotation

Reduced tillage and no-tillage systems provide shallow incorporation of surface applied materials at best. Due to concern of over-liming the surface of agricultural soils, producers either reduce lime rates (and apply more often) or perform some sort of soil inversion to mix the lime deeper into the soil profile. The objective of the authors in this field study was to evaluate the effects of tillage, lime rate, and time of limestone application on corn and soybean growth, and assess the changes in soil acidity to an already acidic soil. Treatments consisted of a no lime check, two no-tillage systems with either a 4.5 ton ha^?1 lime application every two years or an annual application of 450 kg pelleted lime ha^?1, a continuous annual chisel tillage system with a 9.0 ton ha^?1 lime application every four years, and two inversion systems utilizing a rotary tiller (Howard Rotovator) where 9.0 ton lime ha^?1 was mixed into the soil followed by either continuous chisel tillage or continuous no-tillage. Inversions occurred in 1999, 2003, and 2007. Soil samples were collected annually in increments of 5 cm to a 30 cm depth for pH determinations. After 10 years, the continuous chisel system increased soil pH in the top 20 cm and had grain yields comparable to the no-tillage system, but not different than the no lime treatment. The no-tillage system increased the pH in the surface 15 cm of soil. The inversion treatments after soybean mixed the lime more thoroughly in the top 15 cm than inversion after corn and also increased the pH to a deeper depth. The pelleted lime had no effect on soil acidity. Soybean yields were affected by lime treatment with the no lime and pelleted lime having the lowest yields. This is most likely due to manganese (Mn) toxicity with these treatments. There was no perceived benefit of inversion of the soil with no-till or chisel systems.