美国农业保护性耕作技术的启示

为了学习与引进先进的保护性耕作技术,阐述了美国保护性耕作的起源,说明了传统耕作给农业生产带来的毁灭性的打击,并通过以免耕为主的保护性耕作的论述,进一步说明了黑龙江省耕作制度改革的必要性。同时通过美国先进耕作制度的论述,提出了黑龙江省发展保护性耕作制度的必要性和具体措施。     

深松整地作业技术要点

根据康平县在实施深松整地作业中遇到的实际问题,介绍深松机具的选择原则、作业质量标准、作业时间确定方法,以及作业技术要点和注意事项,为提高全县深松整地作业质量提供参考。     

Variations of SOC and MBC observed in an incubated brown loam soil managed under different tillage systems for 12 years

To assess changes in organic carbon pools, an incubation experiment was conducted under different temperatures and field moisture capacity (FMC) on a brown loam soil from three tillage practices used for 12 years: no‐till (NT), subsoiling (ST) and conventional tillage (CT). Total microbial respiration was measured for incubated soil with and without the input of straw. Results indicated that soil organic carbon (SOC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) under ST, NT and CT was higher in soil with straw input than that without, while the microbial quotient (MQ or MBC: SOC) and metabolic quotient (qCO₂) content under CT followed the opposite trend. Lower temperature, lower moisture and with straw input contributed to the increases in SOC concentration, especially under NT and ST systems. The SOC concentrations under ST, with temperatures of 30 and 35°C after incubation at 55% FMC, were greater than those under CT by 28.4% and 30.6%, respectively. The increase in MBC was highest at 35°C for 55%, 65% and 75% FMC; in soil under ST, MBC was greater than that under CT by 199.3%, 50.7% and 23.8%, respectively. At 30°C, the lower qCO₂ was obtained in soil incubated under NT and ST. The highest MQ among three tillage practices was measured under ST at 55% FMC, NT at 65% FMC and CT at 75% FMC with straw input. These data indicate the benefits of enhancing the MQ; the low FMC was beneficial to ST treatment. Under higher temperature and drought stress conditions, the adaptive capacity of ST and NT is better than that of CT.     

施肥与耕作技术集成对土壤理化、生物性状及木薯产量的影响

为了探讨施肥及耕作技术集成对木薯地土壤理化、生物性状及木薯产量的影响，本试验共设置5个处理，分别是生物有机肥＋测土配方肥＋盖膜集雨水＋深耕(处理1)、生物有机肥＋测土配方肥＋盖膜集雨水(处理2)、生物有机肥＋测土配方肥＋深耕(处理3)、生物有机肥＋测土配方肥(处理4)、施通用高浓度复合肥(处理5常规施肥及种植方式作为对照)，通过大田试验研究他们对木薯地土壤理化、生物性状及木薯产量的影响。结果表明：与常规施肥及种植方式相比，不同施肥及耕作栽培技术集成处理均可提高木薯地土壤养分含量和含水量，改善土壤理化性状和土壤微生物区系组成。处理1的木薯产量增幅达到35.81%，差异极显著。本试验条件下，木薯最优的施肥及耕作栽培模式是技术综合集成生物有机肥＋测土配方肥＋盖膜集雨水＋深耕(处理1)。     

浅议保护性耕作技术推广过程中存在的问题及解决途径

土地采用保护性耕作方法,可有效的防止水土流失,增加土壤蓄水能力,提高雨水利用率,培肥地利,增加土壤有机质,减少耕作次数,降低生产成本,各种农作物增产明显。     

免耕播种机试验与应用研究

主要论述了保护性耕作关键装备—2BM-9型免耕播种机的技术参数与工作原理,论述了其性能试验、可靠性试验及应用效果。通过性能试验与生产考核表明:该机各项指标均达到了设计要求,使用可靠性大于98%,调整使用方便性大于97%。经测试与调查统计知:该机对作物留茬地提高土壤含水率6%～9%,减少农田风蚀50%～80%,提高土壤有机质含量0.04%～0.08%,增加农民收入10%～15%。经过4年的推广应用,取得了良好的经济社会生态效益,对促进保护性耕作技术的实施有着重要的作用。     

河西绿洲灌区留茬覆盖免耕保护性耕作的增产节水效应

试验设20 cm留茬压倒(NPS20),40 cm留茬压倒(NPS40),40 cm立秆(NS40),20 cm立秆(NS20),6 750kg/hm2覆盖(NSB40),3 750 kg/hm2覆盖(NSB20)和传统耕作(CT)7个处理,在节水1 950 m3/hm2的条件下,研究了不同的秸秆覆盖量、留茬高度和秸秆处理对小麦产量、水分利用效率(WUE)和不同时期土壤水分的影响。结果表明,留茬覆盖免耕保护性耕作提高了春小麦的产量,NPS20,NPS40,NS40,NS20,NSB40和NSB20较CT分别增产53.08%,46.59%,40.81%,19.93%,17.33%和4.34%;留茬覆盖免耕保护性耕作提高了春小麦的水分利用效率(WUE)(NPS20,NS40,NPS40,NS20,NSB40,NSB20分别较CT提高58.02%,43.40%,47.27%,23.78%,20.69%,8.56%),但增加了小麦生育期土壤水分支出;不同处理在不同时期对土壤水分的影响不同。     

Visualization of the FEM Analysis Data of 3D on the Cut Plane

The colored patterns on arbitrary cut plane is an important method in 3D data-field visualization of finite element.By using the technology of the Object-Oriented Programming and the method of scan-line,the colored patterns on arbitrary cut plane are given.The example by the OPENGL of Visual C++ R6 can support the theory satisfactorily.     

保护性耕作条件下松耕作业机具的探讨

松耕作业能打破犁底层、恢复土壤结构，形成适宜农作物生长的土体构造，是提高地表积温和作物产量的有效措施之一。为此，探讨了在秸秆覆盖条件下各种松耕作业机具的工艺特点及机具在保护性耕作播前作业中的适应性。     

根系生长与土壤物理性状之间的关系

根系生长在土壤之中,土壤物理条件的改变会对根系生长产生直接或间接的影响.为此,通过分析土壤主要物理条件,对土壤物理环境与作物生长之间的关系进行了评述,并对目前研究中存在的不足及今后需深入的研究领域提出了建议.