黑土区施加生物炭对土壤综合肥力与大豆生长的影响

为探明黑土区施加生物炭对土壤持水性能、土壤养分以及大豆生长的影响,以东北黑土区3°坡耕地田间径流小区为研究对象,进行为期4年的观测。按照生物炭施加量,2015年共设置C0(0 t/hm~2)、C25(25 t/hm~2)、C50(50 t/hm~2)、C75(75 t/hm~2)、C100(100 t/hm~2) 5个处理,2016—2018年分别连续施加等量的生物炭。结果表明:连续4年,0～60 cm土层土壤储水量随施炭量的增加呈先增大、后减小的趋势,而对60～100 cm土层土壤储水量影响不显著;连续4年,饱和含水率随施炭量的增加呈逐渐增大的趋势; 2015年田间持水率、凋萎系数随施炭量的增加呈逐渐增大趋势,2016—2018年呈先增加、后减小趋势;连续4年,施加生物炭提高了大豆各生育阶段的株高和叶面积,同期相对较优处理分别为C75、C50、C50、C25;连续4年,大豆冠层覆盖度与施炭量呈抛物线变化(R~2均在0. 89以上,P 0. 01),连续施加2年的C50处理各生育期提高量最大,与C0相比提高了81. 4%、36. 7%、31. 5%和39. 6%;连续4年,土壤pH值和有机质、速效钾含量随施炭量的增加呈逐渐升高趋势,碱解氮、有效磷含量呈先升高、后降低趋势,相对较优处理为C50、C50、C25、C25。采用改进的内梅罗指数模型计算的土壤综合肥力指数与产量呈正相关(R~2=0. 861 5,P=0. 001 2,RMSE为0. 75),土壤综合肥力水平最高的生物炭施用模式为连续2年施加50 t/hm~2的生物炭。     

3-RRPaR并联机构刚体动力学建模与分析

针对一种具有冗余结构的3-RRPaR并联机构,根据拉格朗日乘子法建立动力学模型,进而对冗余并联机构进行动力学分析。首先,分析了3-RRPaR并联机构的结构特征,确定了冗余结构的结构构型;然后,利用闭环矢量法建立并联机构的逆运动学模型,利用拉格朗日乘子法建立并联机构的动力学模型;最后,利用Matlab分别对并联机构空载和加载时的动力学方程进行数值求解,绘制了动力学响应曲线,根据拉格朗日乘子与约束力矩的关系求解出驱动杆的驱动力矩,将计算结果与ADAMS虚拟仿真结果进行对比分析,验证了动力学建模方法的正确性。结果表明,动平台加载后,驱动杆的驱动力矩也随之增大,但其数值变化规律与空载时基本相同。本研究为该并联机构的动力学控制和机构性能研究奠定了基础,也为其他结构冗余并联机构的刚体动力学建模提供了方法和思路。     

柑橘采摘机械臂控制算法研究

对3自由度柑橘采摘机械臂控制算法进行研究。调用OpenGL相关函数建立3D仿真模型,利用DH参数法与雅克比矩阵求逆法对机械臂进行运动学正解与逆解建模,并使用robotic toolbox对所获得的运动学逆解结果进行验证。利用拉格朗日法进行动力学计算,并模拟机械臂实际工作中的受力情况。结果表明,控制算法控制效果良好,能满足柑橘采摘机械臂运动控制的要求。     

参考作物腾发量计算方法的适用性研究

选用5种方法,利用陕西6站的气象资料,计算了各站逐日ET0。并以FAO56 Penman-Monteith(P-M)法为标准,对其它方法进行评价。结果表明,在陕西6地区,5种方法计算的ET0变化趋势基本相同,但数值上有一定差异,所有的差异随ET0的增大而增大。Hargreaves法计算结果差异性较小,适用性较好;1948Penman和Priestley-Taylor二方法估值较FAO24 Penman法更接近P-M法的计算结果;缺气象资料时,Priestley-Taylor法可获得较好估值,且更适用于湿润地区;FAO24 Penman法也能获得较好结果,但其估值精度低于Priestley-Taylor法,一般不宜采用。同时分析了P-M法计算的ET0值和水面蒸发量之间的关系,为利用水面蒸发资料估算陕西6地区ET0值提供参考。     

Simulation of transpiration, drainage, N uptake, nitrate leaching, and N uptake concentration in tomato grown in open substrate

Free-drainage or “open” substrate system used for vegetable production in greenhouses is associated with appreciable NO₃⁻ leaching losses and drainage volumes. Simulation models of crop N uptake, N leaching, water use and drainage of crops in these systems will be useful for crop and water resource management, and environmental assessment. This work (i) modified the TOMGRO model to simulate N uptake for tomato grown in greenhouses in SE Spain, (ii) modified the PrHo model to simulate transpiration of tomato grown in substrate and (iii) developed an aggregated model combining TOMGRO and PrHo to calculate N uptake concentrations and drainage NO₃⁻ concentration. The component models simulate NO₃⁻-N leached by subtracting simulated N uptake from measured applied N, and drainage by subtracting simulated transpiration from measured irrigation. Three tomato crops grown sequentially in free-draining rock wool in a plastic greenhouse were used for calibration and validation. Measured daily transpiration was determined by the water balance method from daily measurements of irrigation and drainage. Measured N uptake was determined by N balance, using data of volumes and of concentrations of NO₃⁻ and NH₄⁺ in applied nutrient solution and drainage. Accuracy of the two modified component models and aggregated model was assessed by comparing simulated to measured values using linear regression analysis, comparison of slope and intercept values of regression equations, and root mean squared error (RMSE) values. For the three crops, the modified TOMGRO provided accurate simulations of cumulative crop N uptake, (RMSE = 6.4, 1.9 and 2.6% of total N uptake) and NO₃⁻-N leached (RMSE = 11.0, 10.3, and 6.1% of total NO₃⁻-N leached). The modified PrHo provided accurate simulation of cumulative transpiration (RMSE = 4.3, 1.7 and 2.4% of total transpiration) and cumulative drainage (RMSE = 13.8, 6.9, 7.4% of total drainage). For the four cumulative parameters, slopes and intercepts of the linear regressions were mostly not statistically significant (P < 0.05) from one and zero, respectively, and coefficient of determination (r²) values were 0.96-0.98. Simulated values of total drainage volumes for the three crops were +21, +1 and −13% of measured total drainage volumes. The aggregated TOMGRO-PrHo model generally provided accurate simulation of crop N uptake concentration after 30-40 days of transplanting, with an average RMSE of approximately 2 mmol L⁻¹. Simulated values of average NO₃⁻ concentration in drainage, obtained with the aggregated model, were −7, +18 and +31% of measured values.     

并联泵站群日优化运行方案算法

提出了并联泵站群日优化运行数学模型,该模型以并联泵站群日提水费用最少为目标函数,以各时段机组叶片角或转速为决策变量.考虑站间不同工况调节方式,采用大系统二级分解-动态规划聚合法进行求解.首先以泵站日提水耗电费用最少为目标,泵站提水量的分配为协调变量,将该模型分解成若干个泵站多机组日优化运行一级子模型;再以单机组日提水耗电费用最少为目标,机组提水量的分配为协调变量,将一级子模型分解为若干个单机组日优化运行二级子模型.该二级子模型以机组叶片安放角或机组转速为决策变量,机组提水量的离散值为状态变量,采用动态规划方法求解.构造的聚合模型以各机组提水量为决策变量,并联泵站群提水量的离散值为状态变量,同样采用动态规划方法求解.该方法可以解决不同工况调节方式、不同时段划分及不同日均扬程下并联泵站群的日优化运行问题.以淮阴一、三站并联运行为例,作了日优化运行计算,结果表明：各日均扬程下满负荷、80%负荷、60%负荷优化运行单位费用,较定角恒速运行分别平均节约10.53%,26.54%,34.40%.     

罐式汽车轻量化的途径和发展趋势

罐式汽车是专用汽车的一种,主要用来装运液状、粉末状、颗粒或气体等具有流动性的物品。从罐式汽车的使用材料、设计方法、结构等方面,指出罐式汽车轻量化的途径及趋势。     

陕西农业生产效率评价以及影响因素分析—基于DEA-Tobit两步法

运用DEA-Tobit两步法对陕西农业11个市区2002-2008年农业生产效率及其影响因素进行了分析,并结合Malquist指数,对陕西省农业生产效率的变化进行了动态评价。结果表明,全省平均综合技术效率较高,但是各市区之间差异较大。最后,通过Tobit分析发现,陕西农业生产效率与农民文化水平以及农业生产中投入资金量呈正相关关系。     

农业机械质量调查评价指标体系

在我国农机质量调查这项产品及服务质量的监督工作发展背景和意义的基础上,经过调查,收集大量的第一手资料,总结了我国农机调查现状;针对全国农机质量调查没有统一评价方法,分析农机用户需求,结合实际工作及环境,建立起农机质量调查评价数学模型;研究影响农机质量满意度的因素;提出以适用性、安全性、可靠性和售后服务为主,以调查对象基本情况、随机技术文件及产品质量证明为补充内容,由18个主要指标组成的农机产品质量调查评价体系,统一农机质量调查的内容、方法和评价指标,并经过实际调查验证。     

Maize yield response to deficit irrigation during low-sensitive growth stages and nitrogen rate under semi-arid climatic conditions

Knowledge of crop production in suboptimal environmental conditions not only helps to sustain crop production but also aids in the design of low-input systems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of water stress imposed at low-sensitive growth stages (vegetative, reproductive, and both vegetative and reproductive) and level of nitrogen (N) supply (100 and 200 kg ha⁻¹) on the physiological and agronomic characteristics of two hybrids of maize (Zea mays L.). A two-site field experiment was carried out using a randomized complete block design with three replications and a split-factorial arrangement. A water deficit (WD) was induced by withholding irrigation at different stages of crop development. The results showed that proline content increased and the relative water content, leaf greenness, 100-kernel weight and grain yield decreased under conditions of WD. The highest IWUE was obtained when maize endured WD at vegetative stage at two sites. The limited irrigation imposed on maize during reproductive stage resulted in more yield reduction than that during vegetative stage, compared with fully irrigated treatment. The 100-kernel weight was the most sensitive yield component to determine the yield variation in maize plant when the WD treatments were imposed in low-sensitive growth stages. The results of the statistical regression analysis showed liner relationships between RGR during a period bracketing the V₈ or R₃ stages and 100-kernel weight in all the WD treatments. The increase of N supply improved yield and IWUE when maize plant endured once irrigation shortage at vegetative stage. But, the performance of high N fertilizer reduced and eliminated when water deficit imposed once at reproductive stage and twice at vegetative and reproductive stages, respectively. Furthermore, the response of T.C647 hybrid to increase of N supply was stronger than S.C647 hybrid.