天津东丽区大毕庄土壤重金属污染综合评价

[目的]测定天津市东丽区大毕庄土壤重金属含量,并对重金属污染状况进行综合评价。[方法]研究大毕庄工厂污染区、污灌区和背景对比区8种污染元素（Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni）的含量,对重金属含量与采样点的关系进行分析,并对重金属污染状况进行总体评价。[结果]重金属在土壤中已有一定程度的积累,普遍超过当地背景值。工厂污染区污染最严重,有6种元素超标,综合评价为严重污染,污灌区有4种元素超标,综合评价为重污染,远离污染源的背景区全部达标,未被污染。[结论]大毕庄主要污染源为工厂粉尘和污水灌溉,并已对农田造成较严重的污染,为大毕庄土地规划和整治提供科学依据。     

Simultaneous detection of multiple mycotoxins in broiler feeds using a liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry

Mycotoxins are secondary fungal metabolites that are typically present in grain and feed ingredients used foranimal feeds. An analytical method using LC-ESI-MS/MS was developed to quantify nine mycotoxins, consisting ofaflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁), AFB₂, AFG₁, AFG₂, T-2 toxin,deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), zearalenone (ZEA) and ochratoxin A (OTA) in broiler feeds. In total,100 samples of broiler feeds were collected from poultry farms in Central Thailand. The survey found thatAFB₁ and ZEA were the most prevalent mycotoxins in the feed samples at percentages of 93% and63%, respectively. The limit of detections (LODs) of investigated mycotoxins was 0.20–0.78ng/g. AFB₂, DON, AFG₁, NIV and T-2 toxin were also detectable at lowcontamination levels with percentages of 20%, 9%, 7%, 5% and 1%, respectively, whereas OTA and AFG₂were not detected in any of the feed samples. These results suggest that there is a very low level of risk ofthe exposure to mycotoxins in feeds obtained from broiler farms in Central Thailand.     

重金属对饲料污染的分析及防制措施

文章综述了我国饲料重金属污染的种类、污染物的主要来源、污染物的特性及危害机理,并简要阐述了预防饲料重金属污染的措施。     

潮州三百门电厂冷却水排放的数值模拟研究

海湾及潮汐河口的冷却水工程研究近年来受到人们的重视，由于受到潮汐的影响，其冷却水布置及热污染特性比河道及水库型更为复杂。采用数值模拟的方法，首先对电厂附近的潮流特性及冷却水输移扩散进行模拟计算，研究了电厂近海水域的水动力结构及其对冷却水排放的影响，给出电厂取水温升及热污染范围，为电厂取水设计工作提供依据。     

南水北调中线工程水质监测站点布设研究

科学合理布设水质监测站点是加强南水北调中线工程对突发水污染事件监控,保障水质安全的重要手段.制定水质监测站点的布设方案受到监测效率与布设成本的约束,同时,监测仪器精度、污染物衰减特性的不确定性等问题也对布设方案产生影响.以中线工程京石段为研究对象,基于一维水质模型,以突发水污染事件漏报率最低、发现时间最短以及监测站点布...     

基于铅稳定同位素的多金属复合污染土壤源解析新思路——以西南地区某矿区农田为例

本文以我国西南某矿区典型多金属复合污染农田土壤为例,基于铅(Pb)稳定同位素分析,结合矿物学分析,对土壤Pb来源进行定量解析,并针对其他重金属来源进行外推。同位素源解析结果表明,人为源对于土壤重金属的贡献率高达61%～89%,矿渣浸沥与矿区道路扬尘为主要的污染途径。矿物学分析能够辅助印证Pb稳定同位素分析结果,在一定程度上克服由于污染源信号重叠造成的源解析困难。通过相关分析,可以将Pb同位素源解析的结果合理外推,在一定程度上解释其他重金属元素的来源。本文提出的源解析新思路能够高效、准确地解析多金属复合污染土壤中重金属元素的来源,尤其适用于我国土壤多金属复合污染集中连片存在、成因复杂的现状,具有很强的现实意义。     

煤矸石等组成的无土栽培基质重金属污染及蔬菜安全评价

利用煤矸石、油菜秸秆等废弃资源为原料,按（煤矸石：腐熟秸秆）体积比为2：8、3：7、4：6、5：5和6：4的比例配制成5种混合基质,在人工光照室内以盆栽的方法栽培白菜、生菜、苋菜、菠菜、茄子、番茄、辣椒和萝卜8种蔬菜,采用尼梅罗综合污染指数和Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法对5种混合基质以及其上生长的8种蔬菜的重金属污染和潜在生态风险进行了综合评价。结果表明,5种混合基质中,煤矸石含量较少的T1、T2、T3基质的重金属污染程度较小,潜在生态风险程度较低,在这3种基质上栽种的蔬菜重金属综合污染评价等级为优良或安全,符合蔬菜绿色食品标准。重金属对混合基质产生的污染中,Cd和Hg是主要的重金属污染及潜在生态风险因子,其他重金属的污染能力较小。另外,在评价由煤矸石为无机原料组成的有机生态型无土栽培基质的重金属污染及潜在生态风险时,应选择国家土壤环境质量一级标准作为参比值,且煤矸石在混合基质中所占的体积比一般不应超过1/2。     

安徽省典型城市周边土壤-蔬菜中PAHs的污染特征

研究了安徽省合肥、芜湖和亳州市周边蔬菜地土壤和蔬菜中PAHs的含量及其污染特征。结果表明：安徽省典型蔬菜地土壤中15种PAHs（除萘外）的残留总量在58.2～437.8μg·kg-1之间,三环和四环PAHs占PAHs残留总量的70%以上。胡萝卜、菠菜和茄子体内15种PAHs的含量在23.4～209.1μg·kg-1之间,均值为120.7μg·kg-1,三环和四环PAHs占蔬菜中PAHs富集总量的92.8%～94.4%。不同蔬菜体内8种可疑性致癌PAHs的含量在11.5～17.4μg·kg-1之间,分别占蔬菜中PAHs残留总量的9.80%～13.8%,其中BaP含量在1.69～2.03μg·kg-1之间,低于国家对食品中污染物（BaP）的限量标准（5μg·kg-1）。不同类型PAHs在蔬菜体内的富集系数在0.10～9.20之间,极差达10倍以上,低分子量PAHs在蔬菜体内的富集系数要大于高分子量PAHs。不同PAHs在蔬菜体内的富集系数表现为胡萝卜〉菠菜〉茄子,其中芴在蔬菜体内的富集系数最高。     

根表功能细菌生物膜及其在土壤有机污染控制与修复中的潜在应用价值

土壤中的有机污染物可从根系进入植物体内,并可进一步通过食物链富集,从而威胁人群健康。植物根际微生物种类繁多、数量巨大,其中很多根际细菌可通过成膜作用在植物根表形成细菌生物膜,协助植物抵抗外界的不良环境或促进植物生长。有机污染物在被植物根系吸收的过程中,多需经过根表细菌生物膜这一特殊界面。综述了根际细菌在植物根表的成膜作用,以及根表功能细菌生物膜对污染物根际环境过程的影响及作用机理,分析了利用根表功能细菌生物膜调控植物吸收有机污染物的可行性,试图为防治土壤有机污染、降低作物污染风险、保障农产品安全等提供理论依据。     

协助自然修复微量元素污染酸性土壤研究：8年田间试验

There are many remediation techniques for organic contaminated soils,but relatively few of them are applicable to trace elementcontaminated soils.A field experiment was carried out to investigate assisted natural remediation（ANR） of an acid soil contaminated by As,Cd,Cu,Zn and Pb using one inorganic amendment,sugar beet lime（SL）,and two organic amendments,biosolid compost（BC）and leonardeite（LE）.The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized block design with four treatments in three replicates:1) a non-amended control（NA）;2) SL amended at 30 Mg ha^-1 year^-1;3) BC amended at 30 Mg ha^-1 year^-1 and 4) LE amended at 20 Mg ha^-1 year^-1 plus SL amended at 10 Mg ha^-1 year^-1（LESL）.The amended plots received two doses of each amendment（DO2）:one in October 2002 and another in October 2003.The plots were then divided in half into two subpolts and one subplot received another two doses of the same amendments（DO4） in October 2005 and October 2006.In 2011,the pH values of the amended soils were greater than that of the NA soil,with the SL-amended soil showing the highest pH.Total organic carbon（TOC） was also greater in the amended soil,and greater with DO4 than with DO2.Amendments reduced the concentrations of 0.01 mol L^-1 CaCl₂-extractable Cd,Cu and Zn,especially in the SL-amended soil.Plant cover of colonizing vegetation was enhanced by amendments,but was independent of amendment doses.Changes in soil properties from 2003 to 2011 showed that the first amendment application of DO2 caused a high differentiation between all the amendment treatments and the NA treatment.After the second application of DO2,soil pH and TOC continued increasing slowly.Further two applications of amendments（DO4） caused differences only in the organic treatments.Plant cover increased over time in all the treatments including NA.It could be concluded that the slow and steady natural remediation of this soil could be enhanced by amendment application（ANR）.