Managing contaminated sediments

While remediation and storage of contaminated dredged materials is a key issue at harbour sites, there is another type of sediment pollution problem, which mainly originates from large-scale dispersion of contaminants in flood-plains, dike foreshores and polder areas. In recent years, catastrophic cases of sediment contaminations have occurred in connection with the failure of tailing dams from mines. Unlike problems related to conventional polluted sites, the risks here are primarily connected with the transporting and depositing of contaminated solids in a catchment area, especially in downstream regions. A special example demonstrating the dispersion of highly contaminated sediments in a large catchment area will be shown from the so-called Chemistry Triangle of the upper Elbe River system, Germany. The Spittelwasser area, situated there, was chosen by the organisers of the international conference ConSoil 2000 for a case comparison and four expert teams from Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands and the UK were invited to participate in this Case Study. Evaluation of the plan was done by members of the networks of NICOLE (Network for Industrially Contaminated Land) and CLARINET (Contaminated Land Rehabilition Network). In the study of the German team, five major groups of technical measures have been identified by the environmental authorities to be discussed in relation to the Spittelwasser case or for similar problem solutions in contaminated flood-plain areas. The team came to the conclusion that none of these techniques would be applicable as an individual measure. Instead, a stepwise approach combining different monitoring techniques and remediation measures was proposed. These would include point excavations of critical material, promotion of plant growth as an element for stabilising the soil and flood sediments, as well as the installation of sediment traps. At the Spittelwasser site, investigations are planned on the effects of natural attenuation processes of organic and inorganic contaminants in flood-plain sediments and soils. In the practice of this concept, non-destructive, ‘intrinsic’ bonding mechanisms and their temporal development have thus far found much less recognition compared to destructive processes such as biological degradation. Yet these so-called ‘diagenetic’ effects, which apart from chemical processes involve an enhanced mechanical consolidation of soil and sediment components by compaction, loss of water, and mineral precipitations in the pore space, may induce a quite essential reduction of the reactivity of solid matrices [see Part I ‘Improving Chemical and Biological Criteria’ (JSS - Journal of Soils and Sediments, Vol 1, No 1, pp 30-36)]. Part IV ‘Subaqueous Storage/Capping of Dredged Material’ will be published in JSS No. 4 (December issue).     

土壤洗脱与光降解技术联合修复氯丹和灭蚁灵污染场地土壤的研究

探讨土壤洗脱与光降解技术联合修复有机污染土壤的可行性,对于有效控制土壤中的有机污染物有重要意义。针对氯丹和灭蚁灵生产企业场地污染土壤,选取16种洗脱剂对其中的氯丹和灭蚁灵进行增效洗脱,优化了Triton X-100洗脱污染土壤的工艺条件,并进一步研究了采用光降解技术降解洗脱液中氯丹和灭蚁灵的可行性。结果表明,Triton X-100、Tween 80和HPCD对复合污染土壤中氯丹和灭蚁灵均有较好的洗脱效果,由于Triton X-100中的发色芳基可吸收紫外光,促进污染物的光降解,选取Triton X-100作为氯丹和灭蚁灵复合污染土壤的洗脱剂。Triton X-100洗脱氯丹和灭蚁灵复合污染土壤的最佳工艺参数为:浓度10 mmol·L^-1,洗脱时间60 min,固液比1:10,洗脱3次。在此最佳工艺条件下,污染土壤中氯丹和灭蚁灵的累计洗脱率分别为98.7%和45.3%。500 W汞灯照射洗脱液,反应3 h后氯丹完全降解,灭蚁灵在反应1 h后几乎完全降解,这表明土壤增效洗脱与光催化联合处理是一种修复氯丹和灭蚁灵污染场地土壤的有效技术。     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi mitigates heavy metal toxicity adverse effects in sewage water contaminated soil on Tagetes erecta L

The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the impact of colonization with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus constrictum on the biomass production, flower quality, chlorophyll content, macronutrients and heavy metals content of marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) planted under uncontaminated soil and watered with various rates of sewage water. Sewage water utilization significantly decreased biomass production, characters of flower, nutrient concentration and rates of mycorrhizal colonization of mycorrhizal (M) and non-mycorrhizal (NM) marigold as compared to control untreated plants especially at the higher rates, but the reduction rate was proportionally higher in non-AM treatments. Mycorrhizal plants had significantly greater yield, relative chlorophyll content, leaf area, flower quality and element (P, N, K and Mg) content compared to non-inoculated marigold plants irrigated with or without sewage water. Furthermore, AM inoculation had highly decreased heavy metal (Zn, Co, Mn, Cu) content in tissues as compared to equivalent non-inoculated plants grown under sewage water application. Growing marigold with AM inoculum can reduce toxicity of heavy metals and enhance biomass production and P uptake. The results support the view that AM have a protective function for the host plant, hence playing a potential function in soil polluted immobilization processes, and thus are of assessing the potential of phytoremediation of heavy metals in sewage water contaminated soil.     

石油烃降解混合菌修复稠油污染土壤的影响因素

稠油在开采、贮运、炼制加工及使用过程中,不可避免的污染土壤环境,对人体健康和环境造成严重影响,因此有必要采取有效措施对稠油污染土壤进行修复。利用筛选获得的石油烃降解混合菌KL9-1,对稠油污染土壤进行修复研究,考察修复过程中的影响因素。结果表明：pH、接种量、土壤中N/P、表面活性剂用量、翻耕频率、浇水频率和膨松剂种类等因素对污染土壤修复有明显的影响。 在每千克稠油污染土壤体系中,控制初始pH为8.0,接种量为70.0 mL,N∶P为3∶1,表面活性剂用量为4.0 g,每2 d浇水1次,4 d翻耕1次,稻壳作为膨松剂,在此条件下经过70 d的生物修复,石油烃降解率最高可达54.07%。     

Effect of Olive‐Derived Organic Amendments on Lead,Zinc, and Biochemical Parameters of an Artificially Contaminated Soil

Abstract

An incubation experiment was conducted to ascertain the effects of three olive‐derived organic amendments (fresh, compost, and vermicompost olive cake) on the soluble and diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA)–extractable lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) and on different enzymatic activities in an artificially contaminated calcareous soil. Application of the compost and vermicompost, which increased amounts of humic acids in soil, initially stimulated dehydrogenase, ß‐glucosidase, and urease activities, which tended to decline afterward. In contrast, dehydrogenase and ß‐glucosidase activities were lower after application of the fresh olive cake. Amounts of soluble Pb and Zn increased when fresh olive cake was added to the soil, due to the high content of water‐soluble carbon in this amendment. On the contrary, application of the compost and vermicompost decreased the concentration of soluble Zn and did not change the soluble Pb levels in the soil. The DTPA‐Pb and DTPA‐Zn were scarcely affected by the application of the three olive‐derived amendments.     

Chemical Fractionation and Phytoavailability of Heavy Metals in a Soil Amended with Metal Salts or Metal-Spiked Poultry Manure

Chemical fractionation patterns and plant tissue concentrations were used to assess nickel, copper, zinc, cadmium, and lead phytoavailability to maize in a soil amended with metal salts or poultry manure. A sandy loam was treated with 80–400 mg kg^?1 doses of a quinternary mixture of the metal nitrates either directly or as spiked poultry manure. The European Communities Bureau of Reference sequential extraction procedure partitioned the metals among three operationally defined pools in the soil. Metal mobilities were lower in the poultry manure–amended than the metal salt–treated soil, indicating the manure's ability to fix the metals in soil. Pot experiments revealed high metal transferabilities with no apparent phytotoxic symptoms in maize at the doses applied, suggesting some degree of tolerance to the metals. Heavy-metal concentrations in maize increased linearly with metal doses in metal salt–treated soil, but were less phytoavailable in soil amended with poultry manure. Heavy-metal concentrations in maize were reasonably predicted from soil parameters using stepwise multivariate regression models. The findings are useful in the assessment and remediation of heavy metal–contaminated soils.     

骨粉和沸石对污染土壤中铅和镉生物有效性的影响

采用盆栽试验,在镉、铅污染的土壤中添加不同量的骨粉和沸石后种植菜心,在菜心收获期分别测定菜心生物量、镉和铅吸收量、土壤有效态镉和铅的含量、土壤pH值,分析不同用量的骨粉和沸石对污染土壤镉和铅生物有效性的影响。结果表明,添加骨粉处理均显著提高了土壤pH、EC及有效磷含量,显著降低了土壤中铅和镉的生物有效性和菜心中铅和镉的吸收量,以添加1%的骨粉处理效果最佳。     

硼污染土壤中硼释放特征及无机离子对其释放的影响

采用连续液流法研究了硼污染土壤中硼的释放动力学过程,并采用振荡平衡法就无机离子对硼释放的影响进行了研究.结果表明,(1)供试土壤硼的累计释放量随时间的延长而增大,累计释放量与全硼含量相关性不显著,而与土壤有效硼含量呈显著正相关.(2)准二级动力学方程是描述土壤硼释放动力学过程的最佳方程.(3)供试土壤各时段硼平均释放速率的自然对数与时间呈极显著的线性相关性,随时间延长反应速率不断下降.释放速率有阶段性特点,可分为快速反应阶段、中速反应和慢速反应三个阶段,释放的硼90%以上来自前两个阶段.(4)无机离子对供试土壤中硼表现出不同的释放能力,对释放量影响的大小顺序依次为:Cl->SO2-4>CO2-3,Na+>Ca2+.     

污染农田水苋菜等野生植物镉富集能力和修复潜力调查

为了从自然环境中寻求重金属高富集植物资源,调查了江苏省某镉（Cd）污染农田的野生植物分布,成对采样分析了19种植物根区土壤-整株的Cd含量,比较了各植株不同部位（根、茎、叶、花、果）对Cd的积累特征。结果表明：各植物生境土壤Cd含量范围为1.72~16.5 mg·kg^-1,植株地上部Cd含量为1.20~43.2 mg·kg^-1,有11种植物的Cd生物富集系数（BCF_Cd）超过1,8种植物由根向地上部迁移的Cd转运系数（TF_Cd）超过1,且其中6种植物的BCF_Cd和TF_Cd都超过1,具备重金属富集植物的特点。不同植物的各器官BCF_Cd和TF_Cd值也呈现较大差异,根部BCF_Cd最高的是水苋菜（6.50）,野胡萝卜最低（0.23）;茎中BCF_Cd和TF_Cd最高的都是水苋菜,分别为18.7和2.87,BCF_Cd野胡萝卜最低（0.20）,TF_Cd飞廉最低（0.44）;叶中BCF_Cd翅果菊最高（5.44）、野胡萝卜最低（0.33）,TF_Cd商陆最高（3.03）、一年蓬最低（0.84）;花中BCF_Cd最高的是碎米莎草（5.17）,一年蓬最低（0.24）,TF_Cd最高的是野胡萝卜（1.08）,飞廉最低（0.26）;果中BCF_Cd和TF_Cd最高的都是水苋菜（22.6和3.47）,最低的都是齿果酸模（2.12和0.56）。整株综合评估比较,水苋菜、碎米莎草、青葙和商陆的地上部Cd富集量较高,分别达到了43.2、28.1、22.7 mg·kg^-1和20.7 mg·kg^-1。基于BCF_Cd和TF_Cd,兼顾各种植物的生物量,水苋菜（首次发现）、齿果酸模、碎米莎草、翅果菊用于Cd污染农田土壤修复的潜力较大,值得进一步深入研究和试验。     

Accumulation and output of heavy metals by the invasive plant Spartina alterniflora in a coastal salt marsh

Spartina alterniflora is a foreign introduced species and has far-reaching effects on salt marsh ecosystems, particularly on the biogeochemical cycle of heavy metals. To ascertain whether the invasive plant Spartina alterniflora Loisel is a source of metals in the environment, we determined the bimonthly concentrations of heavy metals, chromium(Cr), lead(Pb), copper(Cu), zinc(Zn),and manganese(Mn), in the roots, stems, and leaves of S. alterniflora from a typical semidiurnal tidal zone in the coastal area of northern Jiangsu Province, China. Based on the measurements, we calculated annual metal primary accumulation and output. To calculate the annual output of heavy metals from S. alterniflora, a new method that calculates the annual rate of biomass loss and decomposition was developed. The annual primary accumulation of Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn, and Mn was 19.08, 84.19, 63.74, 442.58, and774.66 mg m~(-2), respectively, and the annual output from S. alterniflora to the surrounding environment was 4.01, 18.09, 14.00, 97.11,and 164.28 mg m~(-2), respectively. Spartina alterniflora only provides temporary storage, and its absorption of heavy metals could be used to remediate contaminated soil and for phytomining. The heavy metals released by S. alterniflora to the environment cannot be ignored; thus, S. alterniflora should be considered a source of metal contamination. Therefore, when we evaluate the remarkable ability of certain plant species to concentrate metals in their tissues, the balance between heavy metal accumulation and output should be considered.