修复剂及其施用水平对广西高铅污染土壤的影响

为降低高铅污染土壤对农作物的毒害,通过采用水浸取、DTPA浸取单步浸取试验,研究不同类型修复剂对广西环江、阳朔2个地区的高铅污染土壤的影响。结果表明,随着施加水平的增加,各个修复剂对土壤pH增加幅度的大小顺序是：有机肥>磷矿粉>钙镁磷肥>生石灰,磷矿粉、有机肥能够提高供试土壤的pH。磷酸二氢钾、过磷酸钙（高、中、低）均显著降低土壤DTPA-Pb含量,分别为32%~72%、31%~57%;而磷酸二氢钾对水溶态铅含量的影响与之相反,增加了水溶态铅含量1~3.4倍,过磷酸钙（高）显著地降低了水溶态铅含量,降低水溶态铅含量约88%。有机肥能够通过降低土壤水溶态铅的含量,增加了DTPA的浸取率。对供试土壤S-1,生石灰、有机肥、磷矿粉均显著降低了土壤中水提取态铅的含量,土壤水提取态铅含量均为低浓度处理>高浓度处理;对供试土壤S-2,有机肥、磷矿粉在不同施加浓度均显著地降低了水溶态铅的含量,降低为41%~55%。     

Productive performance of weanling piglets was improved by administration of a mixture of bacteriophages,targeted to control Coliforms and Clostridium spp. shedding in a challenging environment

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of bacteriophages in different environments on growth performance, digestibility, ileal and caecal microbiota, gut morphology and immunity of weanling pigs. Two hundred piglets were randomly assigned to four treatment groups with five replicate pens with 10 pigs per pen. A 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was used to investigate the response of weanling pigs to supplemental bacteriophages (0 and 1.0 g/kg of diet) in contaminated or hygienic environments. Bacteriophages supplementation did not affect average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and gain:feed in phases I and III; however, there was a significant improvement in ADG and gain:feed in phase II. The supplementation of bacteriophages increased the overall gain:feed of pigs. The overall result showed a greater ADG and ADFI in hygienic room. There were reductions in population of both ileal (p < 0.05) and caecal (p < 0.01) Clostridium spp. and ileal coliforms (p < 0.01) with the inclusion of bacteriophages in the diet. Bacteriophages increased ileal Lactobacillus and caecal Bifidobacterium and tended to increase ileal Bifidobacterium (p = 0.08). Contaminated environment decreased ileal Lactobacillus and caecal Bifidobacterium and tended to increase ileal Clostridium (p = 0.08) and coliforms (p = 0.08). Total anaerobic bacteria was tended to decrease (p = 0.06) in contaminated environment. Jejunal villus height increased in pigs received bacteriophages, but they did not affect other morphological items. The interaction between bacteriophages and environment tended to be significant (p = 0.06) for ileal villus height and ileal villus height to crypt depth ratio. The overall faecal score was significantly greater in hygienic environment and bacteriophages groups. The present findings indicate that there is an interactive effect on feed efficiency between bacteriophages and contaminated environment. In addition, bacteriophages improve jejunum morphology, and intestinal microbiota of pigs.     

微生物修复污染土壤的应用研究进展

近年来,土壤受污染程度日益严重,在众多土壤污染修复中,微生物修复是最具发展和应用前景的生物修复技术,具有经济和生态双重优势。为微生物在污染土壤修复中的应用及进一步深入研究提供参考,以土壤中多环芳烃、多氯联苯、农药以及重金属为对象,综合评述了不同土壤污染类型的微生物修复研究进展,重点介绍了降解微生物的种类、修复机理和技术方法,指出当前污染土壤微生物修复存在的问题,并对微生物修复污染土壤进行了展望。     

茶叶皂角用于提高大豆油-水体系洗脱修复焦化厂土壤中多环芳烃、Cd、Ni的可行性研究

Mixed contaminated brownfield sites have brought serious risks to human health and environmental safety. With the purpose of removing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) and heavy metals from a coking plant site, an innovative technology for ex-situ washing was developed in the present work. The combination of 15.0 mL L~(-1) soybean oil and 7.5 g L~(-1) tea saponin proved an effective method to extract co-pollutants from soil. After two consecutive washing cycles, the efficiency rates of removal for 3-, 4-,5(+6)-ring, and total PAHs, Cd, and Ni were approximately 98.2%, 96.4%, 92.3%, 96.3%, 94.1%, and 89.4%, respectively. Meanwhile,as evaluated by Tenax extraction method and metal stability indices, the residual PAHs and heavy metals after consecutive washing mainly existed in the form with extremely low bioaccessibility in the soil. Thus, in the soil after two washing cycles, there appeared limited environmental transfer risk of co-pollutants. Moreover, a subsequent precipitation method with alkaline solution and PAHdegrading strain Sphingobium sp. PHE9 inoculation effectively removed 84.6%–100% of Cd, 82.5%–91.7% of Ni, and 92.6%–98.4% of PAHs from the first and second washing solvents. The recovered solvents also exhibited a high recycling effectiveness. Therefore, the combined cleanup strategy proposed in this study proved environmentally friendly, which also played a major role in risk assessment and management in mixed polluted sites.     

电极液pH值控制对土壤Cd和Pb动电过程的影响

研究了控制阴阳极液pH值对Cd和Pb在土壤中动电过程的影响。结果表明,控制阴阳极液pH值明显改变了动电过程中的电流密度、电渗流量、土壤层pH值和Cd与Pb在土壤层的分配;显著增加了总Cd和Pb及其有效态的去除率,总Cd和Pb平均去除率分别为87%和51%,有效态Cd和Pb的平均去除率分别为97%和73%;与单元素Cd或Pb的动电效果对比,Cd的去除率上升,Pb的去除率下降。     

土壤类型对凉山烤烟品质的影响

以云烟87为材料,在盐源烟区选取5种不同类型土壤进行烤烟大田栽培,研究了四川凉山土壤类型对烤烟主要化学成分、中性致香物质及内在质量的影响。结果表明,参试土壤钙、镁含量较丰富,明显缺氯;紫色土、红壤、黄壤、沉积土等明显缺钾和氮;水稻土和沉积土缺磷。不同土壤烤后烟叶化学成分有差异,水稻土和紫色土上烤后烟叶烟碱、总氮含量较高,糖含量较低,基本符合优质烟叶质量标准;红壤、紫色土和黄壤上烤后烟叶钾含量相对较高,接近优质烟叶钾含量;沉积土、水稻土和红壤上烤后烟叶氯含量较高,接近优质烟叶氯含量。不同土壤烤后烟叶致香物质含量差异较大,黄壤和红壤上烤后烟叶苯丙氨酸类降解产物含量较高;黄壤、红壤和水稻土上烤后烟叶类西柏烷类产物含量较高;水稻土、紫色土和红壤上烤后烟叶质体色素降解产物含量及致香成分总量较高。不同土壤烤后烟叶内在质量存在一定的差异,由高到低对应的植烟土壤依次为:紫色土、红壤、黄壤、沉积土、水稻土。     

Fusarium oxysporum,F. proliferatum and F. redolens associated with basal rot of onion in Finland

In recent years in Finland, Fusarium infections in onions have increased, both in the field and in storage, and Fusarium species have taken the place of Botrytis as the worst pathogens causing post‐harvest rot of onion. To study Fusarium occurrence, samples were taken from onion sets, harvested onions and also from other plants grown in the onion fields. Isolates of five Fusarium species found in the survey were tested for pathogenicity on onion. Fusarium oxysporum was frequently found in onions and other plants, and, of the isolates tested, 31% caused disease symptoms and 15% caused growth stunting in onion seedlings. Fusarium proliferatum, a species previously not reported in Finland, was also identified. Over 50% of the diseased onion crop samples were infected with F. proliferatum, and all the F. proliferatum isolates tested were pathogenic to onion. Thus, compared to F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum seems to be more aggressive on onion. Also some of the F. redolens isolates were highly virulent, killing onion seedlings. Comparison of the translation elongation factor 1α gene sequences revealed that the majority of the aggressive isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. cepae group together and are distinct from the other isolates. Incidence and relative proportions of the different Fusarium species differed between the sets and the mature bulbs. More research is required to determine to what extent Fusarium infections spoiling onions originate from infected onion sets rather than the field soil.     

土壤和土壤悬液中1,2,4-三氯苯的微生物强化降解

Inoculating soil with an adapted microbial community is a more effective bioaugmentation approach than inoculation with pure strains in bioremediation.However,information on the potential of different inocula from sites with varying contamination levels and pollution histories in soil remediation is lacking.The objective of the study was to investigate the potential of adapted microorganisms in soil inocula,with different contamination levels and pollution histories,to degrade 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (1,2,4-TCB).Three different soils from chlorobenzene-contaminated sites were inoculated into agricultural soils and soil suspension cultures spiked with 1,2,4-TCB.The results showed that 36.52% of the initially applied 1,2,4-TCB was present in the non-inoculated soil,whereas about 19.00% of 1,2,4-TCB was present in the agricultural soils inoculated with contaminated soils after 28 days of incubation.The soils inoculated with adapted microbial biomass (in the soil inocula) showed higher respiration and lower 1,2,4-TCB volatilization than the non-inoculated soils,suggesting the existence of 1,2,4-TCB adapted degraders in the contaminated soils used for inoculation.It was further confirmed in the contaminated soil suspension cultures that the concentration of inorganic chloride ions increased continuously over the entire experimental period.Higher contamination of the inocula led not only to higher degradation potential but also to higher residue formation.However,even inocula of low-level contamination were effective in enhancing the degradation of 1,2,4-TCB.Therefore,applying adapted microorganisms in the form of soil inocula,especially with lower contamination levels,could be an effective and environment-friendly strategy for soil remediation.     

顺序输送混油浓度换算中的温度补偿计算

对基于油品密度特性的混油浓度检测技术进行了应用研究,认为对实时检测的混油密度进行混油浓度换算时,需要对顺序输送的单油品密度进行温度补偿,以此作为混油切割的基础。提出了"等差数列递推逼近"的新计算方法,弥补了传统计算方法的不足。编制了计算程序,并设计了一种手持式混油浓度换算仪。     

镇杭成品油管道顺序输送混油的切割与处理

介绍了镇杭（镇海炼化－杭州康桥）成品油管道工程基本概况，详细分析了成品油管道顺序输送过程中的混油切割与处理，为进一步提高管输效益，对混油进行了掺兑调和处理，并针对该管道混油切割及掺兑调和处理实际运行中存在的问题，提出了相应的解决措施。