发动机凸轮轴磨削变形补偿技术研究

针对发动机凸轮轴数控磨削时产生连续变化的弹性变形问题,分析了凸轮轴受到磨削力变形对凸轮轮廓精度的影响,对轴向和径向变形进行了解耦,推导了不同位置、不同相位下凸轮受力变形量求解方程.分析了数控凸轮轴磨床的插补原理,建立了含有变形量误差的、工件旋转轴和砂轮进给轴联动的磨削运动学方程,提出了X轴变形量与理论插补值进行几何叠加的指令修正误差补偿方法.对某发动机进排气凸轮轴磨削变形进行了建模与仿真,对数控凸轮轴磨床进行了补偿与加工试验,仿真与加工试验结果均表明磨削变形补偿可以将凸轮轴的轮廓精度提高5 μm.     

机械弹性车轮提高轮胎耐磨性和抓地性分析

为提高轮胎接地性能,对新型机械弹性车轮垂直静态接地特性进行了研究。通过对车轮结构和承载方式进行分析,分别建立了基于Timoshenko圆形梁的车轮外圈弹性圆环模型和基于连续辐板的铰链组模型,并通过非线性有限元法和试验进行了验证。根据所建立的非线性有限元模型对机械弹性车轮和子午线充气轮胎的接地特性进行了对比研究,结果表明机械弹性车轮通过悬毂式承载控制车轮外圈变形,没有胎肩处的应力集中。在载荷为5 000 N时,机械弹性车轮和充气轮胎接地印迹中心0.14 m×0.265 m矩形区域内的接地压力偏度值分别为0.424和0.536 MPa。机械弹性车轮有效降低了接地压力偏度值,改善了轮胎接地的均匀性,提高了车轮耐磨损性能和抓地性能,研究为车轮性能优化提供了参考。     

黄河上游大柳树-沙坡头河段河床变形数值模拟

对黄河宁夏境内具有连续弯道的大柳树一沙坡头河段的泥沙运移及河床变形等进行了平面二维数值模拟研究．建立了修正的平面二维RNGκ-ε紊流泥沙数学模型,其中水流模块采用修正的RNGκ-ε紊流模型,泥沙模块采用全沙模型,考虑了不同粒径组悬移质和推移质运移对河床变形的影响。数值模拟结果与实测结果比较吻合。表明该模型可以用于模拟具有连续弯道的多沙河流泥沙运移及河床演变过程;在4种典型工况下分别进行了数值模拟,研究了不同水沙条件对水沙运移及河床变形的影响;吸取了关于泥沙数学模型中水流模块和泥沙模块的耦合式算法和分离式算法的优点,建立了一种半耦合算法,其计算量比耦合式算法大大减小,计算精度上比分离式算法要高。     

具有塑性变形的转盘轴承有限元分析方法

为了计算考虑支撑结构柔度和材料塑性变形影响的大型重载转盘轴承内部载荷分布和接触应力,将内外圈滚道与滚动体接触等效成单向压缩弹簧,从而建立包括支撑结构在内的轴承整体简化有限元模型.等效弹簧系数由单个滚动体的载荷-弹塑性变形关系曲线确定,而单个滚动体的载荷-弹塑性变形关系应用有限元接触分析法求得.算例分析表明对于具有塑性变形的转盘轴承,接触变形、滚动体载荷分布、内外圈应力、接触应力等赫兹理论计算结果与有限元弹塑性分析法计算结果存在较大差异.因此,对于大型重载转盘轴承不适合采用赫兹理论进行分析计算.     

Large scale sand saltation over hard surface:a controlled experiment in still air

Saltation is the major particle movement type in wind erosion process. Saltating sand grains can rebound up to tens of times larger in length and height over hard surface(such as gravel surface) than over loose sand surface. Gravels usually have different faces, causing distinct response of the impacting grains, but the effects of the grain and gravel-surface contact angle on grain rebound are not yet well quantified. We performed full-range controlled experiments of grain saltation using different contact angles, grain sizes and impact speeds in still air, to show that contact angle increases the height of representative saltation path but decreases particle travel length. The results were compared with outputs from the COMprehensive numerical model of SALTation(COMSALT). Large saltation height of 4.8 m and length of 9.0 m were recorded. The maximum and representative saltation height over the gravel surface were found to be about 4.9 times and 12.8 times those over the loose sandy surface, respectively. The maximum saltation length may be reduced by 58% and the representative saltation height may be increased by 77% as contact angle increases from 20° to 40°. We further showed that the collision inertia contributes 60% of the saltation length, and wind contributes to the other 40%. These quantitative findings have important implications for modeling saltation trajectory over gravel surface.     

Effect of heat on rheology of gluten fractions from flours with different bread-making quality

Flours from wheat varieties of differing bread-making quality were fractionated using a sequential salt precipitation technique. The gluten fractions in the different varieties varied in the proportion of HMW, LMW glutenins and gliadins. Their rheological behaviour was examined using constant strain (2%) small deformation oscillation tests over frequencies ranging from 0.005 to 10 Hz, before and after heating at 90 °C. The fractions containing a higher proportion of HMW glutenins were associated with a predominantly elastic character, whereas fractions containing mostly gliadins exhibited a viscous-like behaviour. The frequency dependent rheological behaviour of fractions containing HMW proteins was less susceptible to heat, and their elastic character was maintained after heating, whereas the rheology of intermediate fractions and fractions containing mostly gliadins was more susceptible to heating, indicating a rapid change from viscous to elastic behaviour after heating.     

基于信息分解条件的滑坡变形预测

[目的] 有效掌握滑坡变形规律,实现对滑坡变形的高精度预测。[方法] 基于滑坡现场变形监测成果,先利用优化经验模态实现其变形数据的信息分解,再利用优化径向基神经网络和马尔科夫链完成滑坡变形的分项组合预测;最后,利用季节性Kendall检验判断滑坡变形趋势,以验证预测结果的可靠性。[结果] 经验模态能有效分解滑坡变形信息,且通过优化处理,能进一步提高分解效果,并以互补式集合经验模态的分解效果最优;同时,预测结果的平均相对误差均小于2%,具有较高的预测精度,验证了预测模型的有效性,且变形趋势判断结果与预测结果较为一致,说明预测过程较为可靠,两者均得出滑坡变形呈持续增加趋势。[结论] 由于滑坡变形具增加趋势,其稳定性趋于不利方向发展,应尽快开展滑坡灾害防治。     

生物成因施氏矿物去除模拟地下水中As(Ⅲ) 的研究：柱实验

To assess the feasibility of biogenic schwertmannite to act as a sorbent for removing arsenite from groundwater, a series of biogenic schwertmannite-packed column adsorption experiments were conducted on simulated As(III)-containing groundwater. Empty bed contact time (EBCT), As(III) concentration in effluent, and the removal efficiency of As(III) through the column were investigated at pH 8.0 and temperature 25 ± 0.5 °C. The results showed that the breakthrough curves were mainly dependent on EBCT values when the influent As(III) concentration was 500 μg L^-1 and the optimum EBCT was 4.0 min. When the effluent As(III) concentration reached 10 and 50 μg L^-1, the breakthrough volume for the schwertmannite adsorption columns were 4 200 and 5 600 bed volume (BV), with As(III) adsorption capacity of 2.1 and 2.8 mg g^-1, respectively. Biogenic schwertmannite could be regenerated by 1.0 mol L^-1 NaOH solution, and more than 80% of As(III) adsorbed on the surface of schwertmannite could be released after 3 successive regenerations. The breakthrough volume for the regenerated schwertmannite-packed column still maintained 4 000--4 200 BV when the As(III) concentration in effluent was below 10 μg L^-1. Compared with other sorbents for As(III) removal, the biogenic schwertmannite-packed column had a higher breakthrough volume and a much higher adsorption capacity, implying that biogenic schwertmannite was a highly efficient and potential sorbent to purify As(III)-contaminated groundwater.     

少齿差星轮型减速器的弹性静力学分析

针对目前少齿差星轮型减速器在机械应用中行星轴承易烧毁的现象,对其进行力学分析以寻求解决的途径。综合考虑内啮合齿轮副、行星轴承的变形以及各轴的扭转变形,构造少齿差星轮型减速器的变形协调条件,并采用子结构法建立该类传动系统的弹性静力学模型。通过求解系统的弹性静力学方程,获得系统各环节的受力,并给出了一个运动周期内两相机构的齿轮啮合力、行星轴承力和各曲轴扭矩的变化规律。弹性静力学仿真表明,少齿差星轮型减速器两相机构各环节的受力均呈周期性变化,且二者的变化规律基本相同,仅存在180?相位差。两相机构中齿轮副的啮合较为平稳,其啮合力在一个运动周期内仅存在微小波动;但行星轴承的载荷状况较为恶劣,其中星轮轴行星轴承的载荷波动较大,而输入轴行星轴承的载荷幅值较大,这恰与星轮型减速器应用中行星轴承易烧蚀的现象相吻合。该研究可为少齿差星轮型减速器的强度设计和结构优化提供准确的力学依据。     

定向钻穿越回拖管道径向变形原因分析

针对庆铁老线嫩江定向钻穿越回拖时管子发生径向变形问题,对管子变形、设计参数和施工过程进行了分析,认为设计选取的管子壁厚偏薄以及施工中可能存在不可预见的外力等因素是造成管子变形的主要原因,指出应根据穿越的深度和地质情况,采取增加管子壁厚、限制回拖的泥浆压力等措施,以确保管道设计的安全可靠。