循环应力历史对堆石料变形特性影响规律试验研究

为深入研究循环应力历史对堆石料变形特性的影响规律,采用大型多功能静动三轴试验机,对堆石料进行了一系列不同应力路径下的动力变形试验研究,重点探讨了循环应力历史对堆石料体应变和偏应变的影响规律.试验结果表明:堆石料经历初次循环荷载作用后,再次经受循环荷载作用时的抵抗变形能力有所提高;通过对比试验结果发现,应力路径对抵抗变形能力变化幅值的影响较小,试验时所施加的围压、固结应力比、动应力的大小等因素的影响也可忽略不计,主要与前后两次动应力大小的比值(即循环应力历史系数)有关.分析其原因,在初次循环荷载的作用下,堆石料颗粒之间发生相对滑移、旋转以及颗粒破碎等现象,导致颗粒之间的接触点增多及接触面增大,颗粒之间的咬合能力增强,形成较为稳定的骨架结构;再次施加循环荷载作用时,颗粒之间的稳定结构调整难度加大,所以导致堆石料的变形量减小,抵抗变形的能力有所提高.     

考虑主轴扭转变形的轴系振动模型

针对大型水力发电机组传统上忽略轴系扭转变形的假设可能导致轴系振动分析出现较大偏差的问题,采用Lagrange方法建立轴系振动方程和含轴系扭转效应的转子运动方程,通过定义广义动量,将这2个方程构建为统一形式的一阶微分方程组.以发电机转子上的阻力矩和水轮机转轮上的动力矩为纽带,构建包括水力系统、发电机、励磁、调速系统在内的完整水力机组模拟运行系统,并采用二阶Runge-Kutta法进行仿真计算.计算结果表明,在机组故障扰动条件下,计入轴系的弹性对轴系横向振动的影响不大,主轴扭转刚度对稳定工况下轴的扭转变形影响较大;故障扰动下,发电机转子和水轮机转轮之间的扭转角变化趋势与有功变化趋势基本一致.仿真表明,所建立的轴系扭振模型能反映轴系振动的基本特征,模型是合理的.     

Physical carbon‐sequestration mechanisms under special consideration of soil wettability

The protective impact of aggregation on microbial degradation through separation has been described frequently, especially for biotically formed aggregates. However, to date little information exists on the effects of organic‐matter (OM) quantity and OM quality on physical protection, i.e., reduced degradability by microorganisms caused by physical factors. In the present paper, we hypothesize that soil wettability, which is significantly influenced by OM, may act as a key factor for OM stabilization as it controls the microbial accessibility for water, nutrients, and oxygen in three‐phase systems like soil. Based on this hypothesis, the first objective is to evaluate new findings on the organization of organo‐mineral complexes at the nanoscale as one of the processes creating water‐repellent coatings on mineral surfaces. The second objective is to quantify the degree of alteration of coated surfaces with regard to water repellence. We introduce a recently developed trial that combines FTIR spectra with contact‐angle data as the link between chemical composition of OM and the physical wetting behavior of soil particles. In addition to characterizing the wetting properties of OM coatings, we discuss the implications of water‐repellent surfaces for different physical protection mechanisms of OM. For typical minerals, the OM loading on mineral surfaces is patchy, whereas OM forms nanoscaled micro‐aggregates together with metal oxides and hydroxides and with layered clay minerals. Such small aggregates may efficiently stabilize OM against microbial decomposition. However, despite the patchy structure of OM coating, we observed a relation between the chemical composition of OM and wettability. A higher hydrophobicity of the OM appears to stabilize the organic C in soil, either caused by a specific reduced biodegradability of OM or indirectly caused by increased aggregate stability. In partly saturated nonaggregated soil, the specific distribution of the pore water appears to further affect the mineralization of OM as a function of wettability. We conclude that the wettability of OM, quantified by the contact angle, links the chemical structure of OM with a bundle of physical soil properties and that reduced wettability results in the stabilization of OM in soils.     

Estimating the level of disease risk and biosecurity on commercial poultry farms in New Zealand

ABSTRACT

Aims: To collect baseline data on the contact risk pathways and biosecurity practices of commercial poultry farms in New Zealand, investigate the relationship between the farm-level disease contact risks and biosecurity practices, and identify important poultry health concerns of producers.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey of all registered New Zealand commercial poultry operations was conducted in 2016 collecting information on farm demographics, biosecurity practices, and contact risk pathways. Survey responses were used to generate an unweighted subjective disease risk score based on eight risk criteria and a subjective biosecurity score based on the frequency with which producers reported implementing seven biosecurity measures. Producer opinions towards poultry health issues were also determined.

Results: Responses to the survey response were obtained from 120/414 (29.0%) producers, including 57/157 (36.3%) broiler, 33/169 (19.5%) layer, 24/55 (44%) breeder, and 6/32 (19%) other poultry production types. Median disease risk scores differed between production types (p?<?0.001) and were lowest for breeder enterprises. The greatest risk for layer and broiler enterprises was from the potential movement of employees between sheds, and for breeder enterprises was the on- and off-farm movement of goods and services. Median biosecurity scores also differed between production types (p?<?0.001), and were highest for breeder and broiler enterprises. Across all sectors there was no statistical correlation between biosecurity scores and disease risk scores. Producers showed a high level of concern over effectively managing biosecurity measures.

Conclusions: The uptake of biosecurity measures in the commercial poultry farms surveyed was highly variable, with some having very low scores despite significant potential disease contact risks. This may be related to the low prevalence or absence of many important infectious poultry diseases in New Zealand leading farmers to believe there is a limited need to maintain good biosecurity as well as farmer uncertainty around the efficacy of different biosecurity measures. Further research is needed to understand barriers towards biosecurity adoption including evaluating the cost-effectiveness of biosecurity interventions.     

多元羧酸类化合物对木材大压缩量变形的固定作用

以多元羧酸类化合物为酯化剂、以无机盐类为催化剂的交联体系是一类新型的水溶性、无毒害、无污染、木材交联反应未采用过的非甲醛系试剂交联体系。本文研究了这类非甲醛系试剂对木材大压缩量变形的固定作用,结果表明浓度９％的１,２,３,４丁烷基四羧酸处理大青杨试件,干状态的变形恢复率较低,沸水中变形恢复率接近于２７０１％。用１,２,３,４丁烷基四羧酸交联处理木材可以固定压缩变形,适宜的树脂浓度为９％。材色由偏红向偏黄方向转变。     

平面二次包络环面蜗杆副的失配修形

提出平面二次包络环面蜗杆副失配啮合分析的两种新方法：齿面相切法和齿面零间隙法。失配平面二次包络环面蜗杆副啮合分析表明：Ｉ型传动对误差不十分敏感,但同时接触齿数少;标准型和Ⅱ型传动对误差十分敏感。本文提出失配修形法,用标准蜗杆与由Ⅱ型滚刀加工的蜗轮失配啮合,使蜗杆副初装时对误差不敏感,跑合后得到良好的接触质量。     

配筋钢纤维砼冲切板的变形

本文通过试验,对发生冲切破坏的钢纤维砼方板的变形性能进行了探讨．由于纤维的增强阻裂作用,板的裂缝推迟产生,裂后特性改善,破坏呈现良好延性     

基于Hertz接触理论的黑水虻幼虫碰撞恢复系数测定

为建立黑水虻幼虫与收集、输送、分离等机械工作部件间发生碰撞时的碰撞模型,基于黑水虻幼虫生物特性,应用Hertz弹性碰撞理论推导了黑水虻幼虫碰撞过程动力学方程,结合运动学方程原理构建了黑水虻幼虫恢复系数的测定装置并进行了黑水虻幼虫恢复系数测定试验。试验针对第5龄期的黑水虻幼虫,采用L16(44×23)混合正交试验方案研究了碰撞材料、材料厚度、下落高度、碰撞角、跌落方向、含水率等因素对黑水虻幼虫恢复系数的影响,然后对碰撞材料、材料厚度、下落高度、碰撞角、跌落方向进行单因素试验,并获得了材料厚度、下落高度、碰撞角对恢复系数的影响规律与回归方程,且方程的决定系数均不小于0.9427。试验结果表明,影响黑水虻幼虫恢复系数的因素影响由大到小为：碰撞材料、下落高度、碰撞角、跌落方向、碰撞材料厚度、含水率,其中含水率对恢复系数影响不显著。单因素试验结果可得：黑水虻幼虫与Q235钢、铝合金、有机玻璃、橡胶等碰撞材料间的恢复系数依次降低,随下落高度的增大而逐渐减小,随材料厚度的增加而逐渐增大,恢复系数随碰撞角的增大而整体呈增大趋势,且横向跌落方向大于纵向跌落方向。该文研究结果可为黑水虻幼虫收集、输送、分离等机械相关工作部件优化设计提供参考依据。     

聚碳酸酯模拟材料塑性变形的破裂预测

根据静水应力分析量能够抑制材料延性破坏的重要特性从,能量角度提出了聚碳酸酯模拟材料塑性变形的破裂准则,并进行了试验验证。该准则可用于聚碳酸酯类模拟材料塑性变形的破裂预测,有利于金属塑怀成形光塑性物理模拟试验的开发。