Effect of soil macroporosity and aggregate size on seed-soil contact

The influence of soil structure on the degree of seed-soil contact within a seedbed is poorly understood. This paper presents a simple analogue of seed-soil contact which allows the examination of the influence of macroporosity and relative aggregate size on the degree of contact within a bed of deformable spheres. A method is described in which a rigid disc or sphere representing a seed is placed within a bed of deformable spheres of uniform size representing soil aggregates. The structure is then compressed uniaxially to a given macroporosity. Contact areas were measured by a technique involving the use of paint, dismantling of the sample, and image analysis. Results show that degree of contact increases as macroporosity decreases. Greatest levels of contact are achieved where rigid and deformable spheres are of similar size. This result appears to be a consequence of maximum stress concentration occurring at this size ratio. Contact points were unevenly distributed over the surface of the rigid sphere. The applicability of these findings is considered.     

不同出口角离心油泵叶轮切割性能实验

对不同出口角的离心油泵叶轮直径进行了切割，当输送清水时，对离心油泵性能的变化情况和切割定律的影响进行了实验研究。结果表明，随着叶轮直径的减小，最优工况点向着流量减小的方向移动；泵在第一次切割后，即叶轮直径为205mm时，最优工况点的效率有所上升，出口角越大效率上升的幅度越大。关死工况下．扬程切割指数和轴功率切割指数分别近似等于常数。最优工况下，流量、扬程、轴功率和效率切割指数与现有理论值不同。     

导叶相位角度对管道输油泵水力性能的影响

为提高管道输油泵水力性能,以某型号大型管道输油泵为研究对象,针对导叶相位角度对其水力性能的影响进行研究.采用Pro/E与Gambit软件对该输油泵全流道内流场进行三维造型与网格划分.应用计算流体动力学软件CFX对输油泵在6个导叶相位(0°,6°,12°,18°,24°和30°)及5个流量工况(0.8Q_d,0.9Q_d,1.0Q_d,1.1Q_d和1.2Q_d)下的内流场进行定常数值计算,得到了不同导叶相位下输油泵的性能曲线,对比分析了不同导叶相位下输油泵的内部流动情况.研究结果表明:不同相位时,在设计工况下扬程差别较大,扬程最大相差6%,大流量及小流量工况下扬程的差别较小;设计工况下效率差别较小,大流量及小流量工况下效率的差别增大,效率最大相差2%;导叶叶片背面出口处的低速区是影响输油泵水力性能的重要因素,不同导叶相位下,蜗壳隔舌处的流场不同,进而影响输油泵的水力性能;受导叶流道出口低速区的影响,导叶相位为6°,12°及18°时,蜗壳扩散段流态较差,导致输油泵效率偏低,且蜗壳出口速度分布非常不均,不利于输油泵高效平稳地运行.     

抗鸡传染性喉气管炎重组鸡痘病毒基因工程疫苗同居感染试验

疫苗的接触传播是疫苗免疫接种需要考虑的重要因素,为了检测重组鸡痘病毒载体疫苗水平传播的能力,对隔离条件下饲养的SPF鸡用重组鸡痘病毒基因工程疫苗接种,同时设立非免疫对照鸡,饲养期间特意延长清粪时间以增加感染的机会,1个月之后攻击传染性喉气管炎WG株强毒和鸡痘102株强毒,疫苗免疫鸡全部获得保护,而非免疫鸡则全部发病.在试验动物饲养场的自然条件下,将免疫鸡和试验对照两组鸡饲养在同一个鸡舍内,让疫苗毒的传播更接近自然条件.在每个月的攻毒试验中,对照鸡都没有获得对鸡痘和传染性喉气管炎强毒的保护.在疫苗免疫期间进行连续5个月的跟踪检测,同居未免疫鸡没有检测到抗传染性喉气管炎病毒gB抗体.这些实验结果表明抗鸡传染性喉气管炎重组鸡痘病毒基因工程疫苗不能通过接触传播.     

An experiment study of the realization of diesel engine emission standard of Euro IV

This paper calibrates the advanced injector angle and EGR of a four-in-line pressure engine on the specialized test stand, which makes the NOx achieved the standard of Euro IV. Then an experiment study of the diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) and the particulate oxidation catalyst (POC) are made. Both make the diesel engine emission achieving the Standard of Euro IV. This experiment study shows a kind of method that realizing diesel engine emission standard of Euro IV, and concludes the character and law of the method.     

Effects of entrance design on catch efficiency of arabesque greenling traps: a field experiment in Matsumae, Hokkaido

ABSTRACT:   A field experiment was conducted in the Matsumae area of Hokkaido, Japan, during June and July 2002, to investigate the effects of different entrance designs on the catch efficiency of fish traps by fishing with commercial traps (entrance inclination angle [α] = 37°; funnel length of entrance [ L _f ] = 22 cm) and experimental traps. The experimental traps were of the same size and similar design as commercial traps, with different entrance inclination angles (trap E1: α = 46°; E2: α = 27°; E3: α = 0°; all L _f  = 22 cm) or funnel lengths (E4: α = 37°, L _f  = 8 cm). In total, 2200 fish during 200 trap hauls were captured. The catch was significantly higher using both traps E2 and the commercial trap than with trap E3 ( P  < 0.05), and the catch of trap E2 was higher than that of the commercial trap. There were no significant differences in mean fish body length or the frequency distributions of body length among trap types (E1, E2, E3 and commercial). The funnel length of the entrance also affected the catch of traps. Trap E4 had significantly higher catches than the commercial trap ( P  = 0.04) when traps were deployed for a 1-day soak time. Fish body length frequency distributions did not differ between trap E4 and the commercial trap. The results showed that catch can be greatly affected by trap entrance designs.     

压片式微喷带单孔水量分布特性试验研究

试验研究了不同工作压力(0.1MPa和0.15 MPa)、不同喷射角度(43°、65°和79°)和不同喷孔直径(0.5、0.6和0.7mm)对压片式微喷带水量分布的影响。试验结果表明,干燥区宽度、湿润区长度和湿润区面积主要受喷射角度影响,均随喷射角度的增大而减小;湿润区宽度相对稳定,但在0.15MPa下,随着喷孔直径的增大有明显的增加趋势;平均灌水强度随着喷射角度、喷孔直径和工作压力的增大均有增加趋势,其中喷射角度影响最为明显。     

仿生布利冈结构农机耐磨触土部件设计与试验

针对农机触土部件易磨损失效这一难题,该研究设计了一种仿生布利冈结构件,并对其磨损特性进行评价,进一步探索耐磨机理。以布利冈结构的结构单元直径、层间螺旋角度、层间重叠间距3个因素设为自变量,以磨损量为响应值,在EDEM中进行仿真磨损试验,根据自变量与响应值之间的关系,优化布利冈结构的组成参数,得到最优的组成参数为：结构单元直径1.0mm、层间螺旋角度16°、层间重叠间距0.13mm,在此参数下经仿真磨损试验得到布利冈结构件的磨损量为2.13×10^-6g。对光滑件、单层棱纹件、布利冈结构件的耐磨效果,进行仿真磨损对比试验,结果表明,布利冈结构件较单层棱纹件磨损量减少了90.6%,较光滑件减少了92.2%。运用离散元法(digital elevation model, DEM)与有限单元法(finite element method, FEM)联合仿真,得到样件内部形变和应变,光滑件、单层棱纹件、布利冈结构件的平均变形量分别为1.62×10^-9、7.97×10^-9和1.82×10^-8 mm;平均等效应力为...     

影响负压反馈射流喷头水力性能的重要参数正交试验

为了探究影响负压反馈射流喷头水力性能的重要参数对水力性能的影响程度,并选出综合水力性能最优下的重要参数组合,首先设计了4因素3水平正交试验,并根据试验要求分别加工出3种长度(4.2,5.6,7.0 cm)的喷管、3种直径(3,4,5 mm)的喷嘴,以及射流进口宽×深为4 mm×8 mm、位差1.80 mm、侧壁夹角20...     

粳稻大剑叶角资源的发现及剑叶角度的遗传分析与QTL定位

 利用粳稻保持系863B（P1）与A7444（P2）进行配组,构建了P1、P2、F1、B1(F1/P1)、B2(F2/P2)和F2 6个世代,并对剑叶角度进行遗传分析。调查了P1与P2及BC1F1世代141个单株SSR标记基因型和剑叶角度,构建该组合的SSR标记连锁图谱并定位剑叶角度的QTL。该连锁图谱由79个多态位点构成,全长441.6 cM,相邻标记的平均图距为5.6 cM。主基因加多基因的遗传模型分析结果表明,剑叶角度受2对主基因+多基因控制,以主基因遗传为主。单标记分析显示有15个标记与剑叶角度呈极显著相关。利用两种分析软件WinQTLCart 2.5和QTL Network 2.0共同检测到2个控制剑叶角度的QTL(qFLA2、qFLA8)。qFLA2位于RM300-RM145区间,qFLA8位于RM6215-RM8265区间,这两个QTL增效等位基因都来自A7444。