地下工程导线测量中加测陀螺方位角的最佳位置研究

针对地下工程导线测量中,采用测角量边的单一导线控制测量而导致控制精度较低的问题,分析了直伸型导线测量中加测陀螺方位角的数量及其增益,并探讨了直伸型导线和非直伸型典型导线,如L,Z,U型导线加测陀螺方位角的最佳位置。     

茶叶加工过程中的物理特性变化规律

为了探讨茶叶加工过程中物理参数的变化规律,以春季茶叶为试验材料,分别采用103°恒重法、量筒法、仪器法、注入法和斜面法,研究探讨鲜叶、萎凋叶、杀青叶、揉捻叶、作形茶及成品茶的含水率、容重、孔隙率和休止角,以及茶叶与不同茶机材料静摩擦角的变化规律。研究结果表明,绿茶在加工过程中含水率从73.7%一直下降到4.2%,作形过程中含水率下降最显著,揉捻过程中含水率下降最少;绿茶加工过程中成品茶容重最大,鲜叶容重最小,各加工阶段茶叶的容重变化范围为74.5～210.3kg/m3;鲜叶的孔隙率最大,揉捻叶的孔隙率最小,茶叶在制品的孔隙率在0.696～0.732之间变化;在整个茶叶加工过程中,休止角都在50°～60°之间变化;茶叶在铝板上的静摩擦角最大,浸胶帆布带上的次之,而在铜板、镀锌钢、不锈钢和普通钢板上则相差不大,在所有茶机材料上,作形之后茶叶的静摩擦角最小。     

南京郊区典型人工林分空间结构及间伐响应

采用混交度、大小比数、角尺度等林分空间分布格局参数分析了南京市郊区3种不同人工林的空间结构特征。结果表明,马尾松与杉木的混交林分平均混交度达0.61,接近较强度混交,群落的组成较复杂。而间伐前杉木林和麻栎林的混交度较小,分别为混交度为0.25和0.15,处于较弱度混交以下,群落组成较简单。马尾松与杉木混交林和麻栎林混交的平均角尺度分别为0.50和0.49,处于随机分布状态,而间伐前杉木林的林分平均角尺度为0.55,林内所有树种均属于聚集分布状态。马尾松与杉木混交林、麻栎林和间伐前杉木林的平均大小比数分别为0.61,0.5和0.54。在麻栎林中,麻栎的生长占较优势状态;在间伐前杉木林和马尾松与杉木混交林中,马尾松生长占绝对优势。杉木林间伐2 a后,林分的平均混交度由0.25上升到0.38,达到了较弱度混交以上,而林分的平均角尺度和平均大小比数变化不明显。     

6种喷雾助剂对3种药剂表面张力与接触角的影响

为达到农药减施增效的目的,将6种喷雾助剂(强力源、柔水通、有机硅、阿普顿、怀农特、倍创)与3种药剂(70%吡虫啉水分散粒剂、5%阿维菌素乳油、1.3%苦参碱水剂)混配,测定混配后药液的表面张力和接触角变化,分析药液表面张力和接触角的关系。结果表明,添加不同质量浓度的6种喷雾助剂均能降低药液的表面张力,其中,有机硅、强力源、怀农特降低3种药剂表面张力的效果最好,柔水通、阿普顿次之,倍创效果最差。有机硅、柔水通、强力源、怀农特降低3种药剂接触角的效果最好,阿普顿次之,倍创效果最差。分析了3种药剂在添加不同质量浓度的6种喷雾助剂后药液的表面张力与接触角余弦值的关系,结果显示,二者呈显著(P<0.05)负相关关系。综上,合理选用喷雾助剂有助于提高农药的利用率。研究结果可为田间施药和进一步研发喷雾助剂提供数据支持。     

Comparison of wood,fibre and vessel properties of drought-tolerant eucalypts in South Africa§

Three drought-tolerant eucalypt genotypes have been investigated for a broad spectrum of properties to provide a basis for comparison on their suitability for various end-uses. The genotypes included were a Eucalyptus grandis × E. camaldulensis hybrid, E. gomphocephala and E. cladocalyx, selected based on previous studies that indicated good potential to tolerate arid conditions, reasonably good volume growth and straightness of stems. In this study, information was added on differences between species and parts of stems in growth (volume and biomass) and properties of wood (density and stiffness), fibres (dimensions and microfibril angle) and vessels (size and numbers). We found high wood densities and stiffness values for E. cladocalyx and E. gomphcephala, making them suitable for construction wood. Logs from the mid-part of the stem had the best timber properties, as the butt logs showed the highest microfibril angle and lowest wood stiffness due to longitudinal juvenility. Such juvenility was also to some degree observed for wood density and fibre length. The information gained will be especially helpful for selecting species and processing options for small farm and community plantations for producing higher-value products that may be sold to generate much-needed income as well as for local uses, such as fuelwood and charcoal.     

我国城市社区管理模式新进路探悉

从社区、社区管理模式的涵义的入手，以哈尔滨、南京等地社区“万能章”事件为实证，分析我国目前大中城市社区管理中存在的问题，总结出我国目前社区管理模式研究领域集中在社区管理体制层次上，试图以现代契约理论作为探索我国社区管理运行机制的基本理论工具，采用制度理性选择方法的逻辑，来探索我国当前社区管理模式的进路。     

乳粉喷流性及影响因素的探讨

通过对乳粉颗粒观察及对其喷流性的研究,测定代表流动性的自然坡度角（θr）、压缩率（Cp）、凝集度（Ch）、代表喷流性的崩溃角（θf）、差角（θd）、分散度（Ds）,讨论各种性能对乳粉的影响因素.     

Mapping Ridolfia segetum patches in sunflower crop using remote sensing

Ridolfia segetum is a frequent umbelliferous weed in sunflower crops in the Mediterranean basin. Field and remote sensing research was conducted in 2003 and 2004 over two naturally infested fields to determine the potential of multispectral imagery for discrimination and mapping of R. segetum patches in sunflower crops. The efficiency of the four wavebands blue (B), green (G), red (R) and near‐infrared (NIR), selected vegetation indices and the spectral angle mapper (SAM) classification method were studied using aerial photographs taken in the late vegetative (mid‐May), flowering (mid‐June) and senescence (mid‐July) crop growth stages. Discrimination efficiency of R. segetum patches in sunflower crops is consistently affected by their phenological stages, in this order: flowering > senescence > vegetative. In both fields, R. segetum patches were efficiently discriminated in mid‐June, corresponding to the flowering phase, by using the waveband G, the ratio R/B or SAM with overall accuracies ranging from 85% to 98%. The application of the median‐filtering algorithm to any of the classified images improved the accuracy. Our results suggest that mapping R. segetum weed patches in sunflower to implement site‐specific weed management techniques is feasible with aerial photography when images are taken from 8 to 10 weeks before harvesting.     

Surface energy of preservative-treated southern yellow pine (Pinus spp.) by contact angle measurement

In this study, the contact angles of four different reference liquids (including distilled water, diiodomethane, formadide and glycerol) formed on the surfaces of wood, treated with chromated copper arsenate (CCA) and two other emerging copper-based water-borne systems (commercial names: NW and NS) were measured with sessile drop method. Based on the contact angle data, the surface energy was obtained from the acid-base approach. The total surface energy consisted of Lifshiz-van der Waals parameter and acid-base parameter. Results showed that the NW and CCA treatments made the wood surface more hydrophobic while the NS treatment had the reverse effect on the wood surface mainly owing to the increased penetration of earlywood. By using three liquids, diiodomethane, formamide and distilled water, the total surface energy obtained for untreated earlywood, untreated latewood, CCA-treated earlywood, CCA-treated latewood, NW-treated earlywood, NW-treated latewood, NS-treated earlywood and NS-treated latewood were 43.1, 44.5, 43.4, 45.1, 49.4, 40.6, 46.0 and 40.9 mJ/m², respectively. The surface energy of CCA-treated wood was almost the same as untreated wood. After NW and NS treatments, the surface energy of both earlywood and latewood changed a little. However, the change was not so obvious as to draw any further conclusion concerning the influence of NW and NS treatments on the surface energy of wood. __________ Translated from Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2006, 28(4): 1–4 [译自: 北京林业大学学报]     

Crystallinity of wood and the size of cellulose crystallites in Norway spruce (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Picea abies</Emphasis>)

X-ray diffraction was used to study variations in the crystallinity of wood and the average thickness and length of the crystallites of cellulose as a function of the number of the year ring in Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.]. The crystallinity increased from ring 4 to ring 10 from the pith and was constant after ring 10. The crystallinity of mature wood was about 30% ± 5%. The average thickness and average length of the crystallites were 3.2 ± 0.1nm and 28 ± 2nm, respectively; and no systematic variation of these values with the number of the year ring was observed. The mean microfibril angle decreased near the pith but was constant in the mature wood.