Game Analysis of Housing Consumer and Commercial

According to our country's conditions, consumer selects prepaying loan,paying loan on time or branking contract,and commercial bank selects lawsuiting or not. Through the game analysis of two sides,it discusses relations between the loan of bank and the development of credit system,and give us some suggestions in order to the development of MBS in our country.     

沼气反应器中自动加热恒温系统主要工作部件的参数选择

自动加热恒温系统是沼气反应装置的主要工作部件,该系统设计的好坏,将决定料液是否能够高效稳定的产生沼气。而系统设计的好坏取决于工作原理是否正确、结构是否合理、主要工作部件的参数选择是否正确。为此,本文详细论述了自动加热恒温系统的结构、工作原理,合理确定了主要工作部件的参数,为本系统的加工、制造提供了理论依据。     

食品安全信息标签猪肉的消费偏好与生产意愿差异研究北大核心CSCD

食品安全信息标签是传递食品信息的重要工具,研究生产者和消费者对具有不同信息标签食品的供求差异,对保障食品安全具有重要意义。本文构建了食品安全信息标签所包含的四种不同信息属性及相应层次,以猪肉为例,利用浙江省生猪养殖户和猪肉消费者的调查数据,运用选择实验法,借助随机参数Logit模型实证分析养殖户与消费者对具有不同食品安全信息标签猪肉的生产意愿和消费偏好的差异,探讨养殖户对不同食品安全信息标签的实际采纳行为和消费者对相应标签的支付意愿。结果表明,在产地、合格证、可追溯和认证四类信息属性中,除认证信息外,消费者更偏好可追溯信息,而养殖户更愿意提供产地信息。尽管养殖户对提供认证信息表现出较为强烈的意愿,但实际生产中的采纳率仅为1.81%。消费者偏好包含更高层次食品安全信息标签的猪肉,对委托检验合格的合格证具有更高的偏好,但养殖户的生产意愿却为负。消费者对自检合格的合格证的支付意愿仅为1.385元/kg,但愿意为追溯到养殖环节的可追溯信息支付超过20%的溢价,然而在实际生产中,养殖户对可追溯信息的采纳率不足10%。因此,养殖户要加大对信息层次更丰富的食品安全信息标签的使用,市场和政府应增加对养殖户参与可追溯体系、开具合格证的激励,加强对养殖户的教育培训。     

Visual quality: An examination of a South American Mediterranean landscape,Andean foothills east of Santiago (Chile)

This study assessed landscape visual quality in a sector of Andean foothills, east of Santiago, Chile. Sample photographs were taken in four dominant native landscape types that were systematically selected on the basis of four categories of vegetation density. Visitors (n = 180) were randomly sampled from among the residents of Santiago. The results showed that native vegetation has a positive impact on visual quality. Sclerophyllous shrublands and ravines (associated with semi-arid forests) are rated higher than savannahs of “espinales” and shrublands with succulent plants (associated with semi-arid grassland with shrubs). Findings also indicate that landscape scenes with high-vegetation density have a positive effect on visual quality, while those with a low density have a negative one. The key is the amount of visual access, which also increases people's perceptions of safety and orientation. Finally, results showed that information variables are associated with people's visual appreciation. Two preference factors were found to be consistent with the model of spatial information of Kaplan and Kaplan (1989). The implications of the results for the enhancement of public consensus in the planning and management of the Andean foothills, east of Santiago, are also discussed.     

Japanese consumer categorisation of beef into quality grades,based on Meat Standards Australia methodology

The objective was to evaluate the sensory categorisation of beef by Japanese consumers, based on Meat Standards Australia methodology. Various cuts of beef, with a wide range of quality (from Australian and Japanese cattle) and three cooking methods (grill, yakiniku, shabu shabu), were evaluated by 1620 Japanese consumers in Tokyo and Osaka. Consumers rated each sample for four sensory attributes (tenderness, juiciness, flavor and overall satisfaction), then selected one of four grades (unsatisfactory/2‐star, good everyday/3‐star, better than everyday/4‐star, and premium quality/5‐star), based on the quality of the beef within each cooking method. Meat quality scores, denoted as MQ4 scores (weighted combination of the four sensory attributes) were calculated from the Japanese consumer test results, to describe the Japanese consumer rating of beef. The distribution of the Japanese consumer MQ4 scores showed a clear distinction between grades, with the majority of scores being included within the boundaries of each grade. The MQ4 score allocated approximately 64% of the samples to their correct consumer grades. The MQ4 score showed potential to be used as a tool in developing and monitoring a consumer‐focused grading system that is able to predict Japanese consumer satisfaction of individual beef cuts prepared by different cooking methods.     

绿色消费行为分析与绿色营销策略研究

长株潭城市群"两型"社会建设的不断推进以及打造"绿色湖南"给绿色食品营销提出了新的要求。随着绿色消费浪潮的兴起与绿色壁垒的设置,发展绿色食品产业、实施绿色营销成为了绿色食品企业必然选择。绿色食品的消费行为受消费者个人、社会文化、参考群体、企业营销等多重因素影响。文章立足于对消费者行为的分析,提出相应的绿色食品营销策略。     

Spatial and taxonomic correlates of species and species trait assemblages in soil invertebrate communities

Whether dispersal limitation and phylogenetic conservatism influence soil species assemblages is still a debated question. We hypothesized that spatial and phylogenetic patterns influence communities in a hump-backed fashion, maximizing their impact at intermediate spatial and phylogenetic distances. Species–environment relationships are blurred by dispersal limitation and restricted habitat choice at long and short spatial distances, respectively (Hypothesis 1). Co-occurrence of species/traits is limited by divergent evolution of species/traits and competitive exclusion at long and short phylogenetic distances, respectively (Hypothesis 2). Springtails were sampled over a wide array of environmental gradients, between-sample distance varying from a few cm to several km. We compared communities using species composition, habitat features, and geo-localization. We compared species using co-occurrence, habitat preference, traits and phylogeny. Mantel tests identified which factors contributed the best to species/traits assemblages. Within the studied area, species composition was influenced by habitat more than space. Traits displayed a strong phylogenetic signal, but they contributed less than habitat preferences to species co-occurrence. Species–environment relationships were better displayed within a 200 m distance, supporting Hypothesis 1. Occurrence-habitat preference relationships were better displayed at family level, supporting Hypothesis 2.     

Co-Orientation in Gender Preferences for Mass Media Usage Among Benue Farmers

This study examined the extent of agreement between male and female farmers’ usage of mass media. Data collected from 250 farmers in Benue, Nigeria using a structured questionnaire showed that 79.6% could read and write and revealed a disparity in the use of television, mobile phones, the Internet, and newspapers. The Mann-Whitney U test showed significant differences in the use of television (.013), the Internet (.044), and newspapers (.082), indicating non-alignment positions. Alignment in the nonuse of production guides and journals/magazines (dmr = 0) and near alignment for radio (dmr = 1) was observed. We recommend that stakeholders in the agricultural delivery system make use of mass media that are gender-relevant in disseminating farm messages.     

Consumer Preferences for Farmed Seafood: An Italian Case Study

ABSTRACT

European consumers prefer wild over farmed aquatic food and consider it healthier and tastier. Consumers are increasingly paying attention to sustainability and welfare of farmed fish. Such expectations might be met by organic certification, but this represents a cost for the producer. It is crucial to know consumer habits about farmed aquatic food consumption and willingness to pay for certification. Data about Italian consumers’ preferences regarding farmed organic aquatic food were collected by an online questionnaire. A total of 8,657 answers were analyzed, patterns associated with demographics were investigated, and the degree of correlation among answers was calculated. The majority (75%) of family units buy less than 2 kg of farmed aquatic food per month, spending on average 20–50 €. About 40% never consume organic aquaculture products because of lack of knowledge, unavailability, and high price. Slightly over half (55%) of consumers, regardless of age, sex, and area, were willing to pay a premium price for organic-certified aquatic food, seen as antibiotic free, traceable, and sustainable. Organic food in general is well known, and distrust is the main reason that consumers avoid it, while organic aquatic food is still in its infancy, and lack of knowledge is associated with low consumption.