Nature and origin of stone stripes on the Columbia Plateau

Beds of size-sorted stones forming stripes perpendicular to the contour are conspicuous on hillsides of the Columbia Plateau. Stripes occur on terrain ranging from 0° to about 30° in steepness, often beginning among Mima-type mounds on mesa tops and extending downward onto steep, unmounded slopes. Four mechanisms of their origin have been hypothesized: 1) water erosion, 2) solifluction and soil creep, 3) weathering of rock outcrops, and 4) tunneling by pocket gophers. We measured characteristics of five stripes on slopes of differing exposure and steepness. These stripes were 58–124 m long, and widths showed a maximum range of 0.55–3.70 m. Data on physical and biotic characteristics of the stripes suggest that pocket gopher tunneling is a basic mechanism of stripe formation on gentle slopes, and that this mechanism is augmented by outcrop weathering and colluvial dynamics on steeper slopes, with erosion playing a secondary role.     

Community‐Based Rehabilitation of Mountain Terraces in Cyprus

Participatory methods and community‐based approaches have an important role to play in combating land degradation. This paper follows a well‐defined participatory framework to identify key stakeholders and to select Sustainable Land Management approaches for reducing soil erosion and land degradation in the Troodos Mountains of Cyprus. Among the options suggested and evaluated by stakeholders, terrace rehabilitation had the best overall performance, followed by crop diversification and afforestation. Stakeholders agreed that the rehabilitation of dry‐stone terraces was the preferred option, as it is a practice with high environmental benefits and fits well in the local socio‐cultural context, despite the higher cost compared to other options. In the first year of implementing the approach, three mountain communities co‐organised hands‐on terrace maintenance events, engaging more than 160 people in rehabilitation activities. The community‐based approach has sparked the interest of people within and beyond the research site, and another series of events is scheduled for the coming season. This outcome indicates that social innovations can benefit from the integration of local and scientific knowledge, while participatory process can enhance the self‐confidence and organisational structures of local communities. Sustaining and enhancing the impact of the approach in the long‐run require developing local terrace maintenance institutions, actively engaging the youth in terrace management and improving the profitability of mountain farming through the differentiation of local products. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

群体遗传结构的理解

一个植物种群体的空间分布大致可划分为两类 :离散分布与连续分布。然而隐藏在这种表观物理分布内部的遗传变异是十分复杂的。这种变异是如何分布的呢 ?这种分布又是如何维持的呢 ?因此 ,认识一个种的群体遗传结构有助于我们理解该种的进化过程 ,并提供为遗传资源保护做出决策的重要信息。本文对三大经典遗传结构模型 (岛屿模型、步石模型及距离隔离模型 )与渐变群理论及它们的异体和发展进行了详细的分析和评述。目前获得的许多不同类型的遗传标记使这些理论的应用得到不同程度的实现 ,但由于这些理论结论涉及到许多假设 ,在实际应用时应十分慎重。作者认为许多已建立的适合于动物群体遗传结构理论不能简单地直接应用于植物群体上 ,今后一个重要的研究内容就是要建立适合于植物群体的遗传结构理论     

白河县发展石坎桑生态经济效益显著

白河县是全国重点贫困县之一。该县坚持20年修田造地不间断,累计修石坎水平梯地17.68万亩,农业人均0.93亩,群众温饱问题已基本解决。笔者在调查研究的基础上,根据白河县的自然条件及社经现状,明确指出:该县大力发展以坎边栽桑为主的“石坎经济”是脱贫致富奔小康的重要途径。     

Effectiveness of stone bunds in controlling soil erosion on cropland in the Tigray Highlands, northern Ethiopia

Abstract Use of stone bunds to enhance soil and water conservation was first introduced to Tigray, northern Ethiopia in 1981. This study was designed to examine the factors that control the effectiveness of bunds installed on cropland. Qualitative and quantitative assessments of soil loss and sediment accumulation were conducted on 202 plots at 12 representative sites in Dogu'a Tembien district. Mean annual soil loss from the foot of the bunds due to tillage erosion was estimated at 39kgm⁻¹yr⁻¹ or 20tha⁻¹yr⁻¹, a rate which decreased with increasing age of bund. The assessed mean annual soil loss rate by sheet and rill erosion in the absence of stone bunds is 57tha⁻¹yr⁻¹. The mean measured annual rate of sediment accumulation behind the stone bunds is 119kgm⁻¹yr^−1/sp or 59tha⁻¹yr⁻¹. The measurements show that the introduction of stone bunds to the region has led to a 68% reduction in annual soil loss due to water erosion. This reduction is due to the accumulation of sediment behind the stone bunds, which occurs faster in the early years after construction and decreases as the depression behind the bunds becomes filled with sediment. New stone bunds are particularly effective in trapping sediment in transport, but regular maintenance and increase in height of the bunds is necessary to maintain their effectiveness. The average USLE P factor for stone bunds in the study area is estimated to be 0.32.     

CaCl2浸泡处理对银杏贮藏品质和种壳超微结构的影响

以银杏核用主栽品种佛指和龙眼为试材,将其种核用1% CaCl2浸泡处理24 h,然后置于室温下贮藏,研究在贮藏过程中种核呼吸强度和品质变化规律,并对种壳超微结构进行观察.结果表明:①银杏种核单粒重和种仁呼吸强度、含水量、总淀粉含量及支链淀粉含量均随贮藏时间的延长而下降,浮籽率则呈上升趋势;品种间比较以龙眼呼吸强度高、水分散失快、营养消耗高;CaCl2处理后种核的水分散失和养分消耗均受到抑制,种仁呼吸强度也有下降,其中龙眼的处理效果较为明显.②银杏种壳由大量管胞组成,管胞表面光滑,穿孔明显,穿孔主要有圆形和撕裂状;管胞直径和穿孔的形状、分布、大小品种间差异显著,与佛指比较龙眼的管胞直径较小、穿孔面积较大;CaCl2处理后种壳表面密布钙质颗粒,部分颗粒覆盖于管胞的穿孔洞口,减少了水分的散失和O2的进入,提高了银杏种核贮藏性能.     

兴国县低丘侵蚀紫色砂页岩开发利用与治理的研究之三──生态重建后土壤肥力的变化

通过爆破成土和建立人工生态系统等一系列技术措施，跳越了土壤形成的自然过程和生态的进化过程，直接在裸露的低丘紫色砂页岩上因地制宜地建立了农－草和果－（农）－草人工复合生态系统。本文的研究表明，在人工生态系统重建之后，由于加入大量有机物和农家肥以及精细的耕作管理，土壤的肥力不断提高。主要表现在：（１）极显著提高了土壤有机质含量，其平均值由刚成土时的３．１１２ｇ／ｋｇ增加到３年后的５．７６４ｇ／ｋｇ。（２）土壤全氮量显著增加。（３）土壤中的有机磷、土壤水解性氮和土壤速效磷的含量极显著增加；（４）土壤各种微生物的数量都表现出逐年显著增加。     

麦饭石对海水及水溶液中铜,锌吸附作用比较

用天然麦饭石对海水及水溶液中重金属Ｃｕ（Ⅱ）,Ｚｎ（Ⅱ）的吸附结果表明,麦饭石对海水及水溶液中的Ｃｕ（Ⅱ）,Ｚｎ（Ⅱ）有较强的吸附作用,在温度一定时,吸附量随两种金属离子平衡浓度的变化规律,在水溶液中可用Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ等温方程或Ｆｒｅｕｎｄｉｃｈ等温方程描述,海水及水溶液的ＰＨ值对吸附有较大影响。吸附率随ＰＨ的变化曲线呈“Ｓ”形。此外,测定了麦饭石对海水及水溶液中Ｃｕ（Ⅱ）,Ｚｎ（Ⅱ）的饱和吸附     

矮化砧对酥梨石细胞及相关酶活性的影响

为研究不同梨属矮化砧对酥梨果实内石细胞的影响,以酥梨/K30/杜梨、酥梨/OH×F51/杜梨,酥梨/杜梨的果实为测试材料,在果实生长发育时期,对酥梨果实内与石细胞形成的相关酶类苯丙氨酸氨解氨酶(PAL)、过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性,以及成熟期对酥梨果实内石细胞含量和粒径比进行了测定研究。结果表明:3种梨属矮化砧上的酥梨果实石细胞总含量和石细胞粒径比的排序均为K30OH×F51杜梨。并且3种梨属砧木上酥梨果实的PAL、POD、PPO活性,从盛花后30~120d,整体呈从高到低的趋势,在盛花后30d最高,盛花后60d差异最显著,盛花后90d降低幅度最大。通过相关性分析,各个时期的3种酶活性与最终石细胞含量和石细胞粒径比呈正相关。在果实发育前期,酥梨果实内PAL、POD、PPO活性由高到低排列顺序为杜梨、OH×F51、K30,梨属矮化砧K30和OH×F51酥梨果实内PAL、POD、PPO活性均低于酥梨/杜梨,并且减少了石细胞含量、降低了石细胞粒径比,在改善果实品质方面具有明显作用。     

欧李在贵州喀斯特石漠化区的引种观察

为筛选适合贵州喀斯特石漠化区栽种的欧李品种,采用田间试验对4个引进欧李品种的适应性、花期、坐果率和植株高度等进行观察,在室内对其品质进行测定。结果表明:1)欧李3号、欧李4号、欧李5号和内蒙1号4个欧李品种均能在贵州正常生长并安全越冬,栽植成活率分别为93.5%、91.5%、90.0%和92.5%。2)欧李3号、欧李4号和欧李5号的平均坐果率分别为39.2%、43.4%和29.4%,平均植株高度分别为105.7cm、102.1cm和52.2cm。3)欧李3号和欧李4号共检测出17种氨基酸,其总含量分别为2 870mg/100g和3 647mg/100g;维生素B12含量分别为0.29mg/kg和0.26mg/kg。4)欧李4号的植株高度、开花量、平均坐果率等均优于欧李3号和欧李5号,但欧李3号在贵州喀斯特石漠化地区的生长状况最好,在开花期和挂果期对欧李3号进行疏花、疏果,并注重水、肥管理,密度控制和修枝,可促进果实良好生长。结论:引进的4个欧李品种均适宜在贵州种植,而且欧李3号、欧李4号和欧李5号的表现均较好,可在贵州推广种植。