Optimality Conditions for Nonsmooth Extremum Problems in Topological Vector Spaces

Some new concepts of coneD_s convexity,coneD-s quasiconvexity,cone D-s pseudoconvexity,s right derivative of vector value mapping are proposed;and their related properties are discussed;the optimality necessary conditions and sufficient conditions for constrained extremum problem(VP)involving in cone D-s convex mapping are extablished;the relation between local optimal solution and global optimal solution;as well as the relation between weakly efficient solution and efficient solution for (VP) are derived;the corresponding results generalize the related results of classic convex programming.     

钻头牙轮三维实体造型的设计

以UG为二次开发平台，采用参数化设计思想，利用UG／OPEN GRIP语言编程，对钻头牙轮三维实体造型进行了研究。利用GRIP语言直接读取牙轮轮廓曲线数据，生成了牙轮三维实体，同时实现了在牙轮布齿锥面上生成齿孔和生成简单牙轮轴承的三维实体造型。通过该软件的应用，可以极大的缩短钻头牙轮的设计周期，提高产品的设计质量。     

A slowly progressive retinopathy in the Shetland Sheepdog

Objective To describe a slowly progressive retinopathy (SPR) in Shetland Sheepdogs. Animals Forty adult Shetlands Sheepdogs with ophthalmoscopic signs of SPR and six normal Shetland Sheepdogs were included in the study. Procedure Ophthalmic examination including slit‐lamp biomicroscopy and ophthalmoscopy was performed in all dogs. Electroretinograms and obstacle course‐test were performed in 13 affected and 6 normal dogs. The SPR dogs were subdivided into two groups according to their dark‐adapted b‐wave amplitudes. SPR1‐dogs had ophthalmoscopic signs of SPR, but normal dark‐adapted b‐wave amplitudes. Dogs with both ophthalmoscopic signs and subnormal, dark‐adapted b‐wave amplitudes were assigned to group SPR2. Eyes from two SPR2 dogs were obtained for microscopic examination. Results The ophthalmoscopic changes included bilateral, symmetrical, greyish discoloration in the peripheral tapetal fundus with normal or marginally attenuated vessels. Repeated examination showed that the ophthalmoscopic changes slowly spread across the central parts of the tapetal fundus, but did not progress to obvious neuroretinal thinning presenting as tapetal hyper‐reflectivity. The dogs did not appear seriously visually impaired. SPR2 showed significantly reduced b‐wave amplitudes throughout dark‐adaptation. Microscopy showed thinning of the outer nuclear layer and abnormal appearance of rod and cone outer segments. Testing for the progressive rod–cone degeneration ( prcd )‐mutation in three dogs with SPR was negative. Conclusion Slowly progressive retinopathy is a generalized rod–cone degeneration that on ophthalmoscopy looks similar to early stages of progressive retinal atrophy. The ophthalmoscopic findings are slowly progressive without tapetal hyper‐reflectivity. Visual impairment is not obvious and the electroretinogram is more subtly altered than in progressive retinal atrophy. The etiology remains unclear. SPR is not caused by the prcd‐mutation.     

Conotoxins: Therapeutic Potential and Application

The pharmacological variety of conotoxins, diverse peptides found in the venoms of marine cone snails, is well recognized. Venoms from each of the estimated 500 species of cone snails contain 50 to 200 distinct biologically active peptides. Most conotoxins characterized to date target receptors and ion channels of excitable tissues, such as ligand-gated nicotinic acetylcholine, N-methyl-D-aspartate, and type 3 serotonin receptors, as well as voltage-gated calcium, sodium, and potassium channels, and G-protein-coupled receptors including α-adrenergic, neurotensin, and vasopressin receptors, and the norepinephrine transporter. Several conotoxins have shown promise in preclinical models of pain, convulsive disorders, stroke, neuromuscular block, and cardioprotection. The pharmacological selectivity of the conotoxins, coupled with the safety and efficacy demonstrated in preclinical models, has led to their investigation as human therapeutic agents. In the following review, we will survey the pharmacology and therapeutic rationale of those conotoxins with potential clinical application, and discuss the unique challenges that each will face in the course of their transition from venom component to human therapeutic.     

油松球果害虫的危害机理研究

对油松球果生命表的研究表明 ,油松球果小卷蛾和松果梢斑螟是两种主要的油松球果害虫 ,其发生危害主要集中在 5 ,6两月。根据油松生殖生长的特点 ,对两种球果害虫随树龄变化规律的研究结果表明 ,随着树龄的增加 ,油松结实量增加 ,雄花序增多 ,但由于松果梢斑螟的发生和危害与雄花序的多少直接相关 ,松果梢斑螟的虫量增大 ,危害加重 ;在同一林龄中 ,有少雄、中雄和多雄树之别 ,松果梢斑螟的虫量随之变化 ;每果内松果梢斑螟的幼虫数随树龄和雄梢率的增加而增加 ,而每果内油松球果小卷蛾的幼虫数随树龄的增加而减少     

提高红松无性系种子园树木座果率的研究

以辽宁省草河口1968年营建的红松无性系种子园和普通人工林为研究对象,对红松种子园的落花落果规律及其影响因子和人工辅助授粉进行试验研究。经10年的研究结果表明:红松种子园树木年平均自然落花落果率为46.46％,6月下旬至7月上旬是落果的高峰期。人工辅助授粉是提高座果率的有效方法,可提高座果率20％左右。因雄球花密度与座果率相关显著,故在新建种子园时,株行距应以3m×3m为宜。     

啤酒花(Humulus lupulus L.)芽的形成和分化

酒花的新根茎芽,产生于上年根茎芽的腋芽。所以从腋芽长成新根茎芽,再发育成年苗,要经历三个生长季,有三次分化高峰,分别在当年的春季和秋季,以及形成年出的春季,每次分化可形成10个节位左右。由营养苗端转化为生殖苗端时,生殖苗端伸长,原套层数增加,形成花序生长锥,可自下而上分化具有15～20个节的花序轴,每一节上均要经历外苞形成期,内苞形成期、花被形成期和雌蕊形成期。年苗顶芽在个体发育过程中,在不同的发育阶段,不同茎的粗度、其内部结构,包括节数,分化程度、侧芽的大小均有差異。     

南门峡云杉球果锈病发生规律研究

云杉球果锈病在南门峡林区的发生主要与气候因子有关,温湿度是诱发的主因,另外,受病原距离、林分结构、郁闭度、坡向、坡位等因子影响,并提出云杉球果锈病的防治措施。     

崇阳杉木无性系种子园球花在树冠中的分布及其配子产量研究

对普通杉木林及崇阳杉木无性系种子园植株球花在树冠中的分布、数量及其配子比例进行了研究，结果表明：种子园中杉木无性系间球花量差异达到极显著水平。年龄与球花量之间呈线性相关，中壮龄杉木林郁闭度越小，雄球花量越小，雌球花量变化不明显，雄雌球花比值则越小，林分组成对球花量的影响不明显。立地条件对球花量的影响显著。杉木无性系单株雌球花和雄球花在树冠中的分布出现分层现象，各部位间球花量的差异达极性水平。球花的数量虽受年龄、母树特性，立地条件及密度的影响，但球花在树冠中的分布总趋势保持不变。单位花粉囊内的花粉数平均为7653．31粒，平均每株产花粉5．6553E＋9粒，约6．0163E＋4mg.全园可产花粉约1．1018E＋13粒，经1．9264＋8mg。平均每株产胚珠46483．25个。全园可产胚珠约1．4884E＋8个。种子园花粉与胚珠比值为1．2166E＋5，即约12万：1。因种子园中花粉相对胚对来说偏多，因紫在进行杉木种子园建设与改造时，应该注意选用生产雌球花较多的无性系植珠作材料， 以提高单位面积种子产量，并在调查授粉效率的基础上，依据胚珠数量可以进行球果及种子产量的预测与预报。     

生长锥发育对冬小麦抗寒性的生理效应

1984—1986年间,采用分期播种,在南京自然和控制条件下,研究了春性和冬性小麦的生长锥发育与抗寒锻炼、脱锻炼及再锻炼的关系。 蚰包小麦的抗寒锻炼潜力比宁麦4号大。越冬期间,正常播期下的春性小麦的抗寒性随温度的波动而改变,蚰包小麦的抗寒性强而平稳。 在二棱末期前的冬小麦幼苗,抗寒锻炼效应基本上不受生长锥发育阶段的影响。单棱期的麦苗在15℃/5℃下,宁麦4号的幼穗发育速率和脱锻炼比蚰包小麦快。在更高温度下,两者脱锻炼速率相似。说明小麦品种间脱锻炼的差异决定于幼穗发育速率对温度的敏感性。 调节播期使小麦在越冬时开始穗分化,不影响小麦的抗寒性,有利于分化大穗。