不同营养类型日粮添加外源酶制剂对生长獭兔生产性能的影响

选择40～45日龄的生长獭兔140只,随机分成7组,每组20只。日粮营养分为3个类型,即标准型(粗蛋白17%,粗纤维12%)、低蛋白型(粗蛋白15.5%,粗纤维12%)和高纤维型(粗蛋白17%,粗纤维13.5%),3种日粮分别添加国产兔用复合酶和进口复合酶(耐得酵素),以标准营养(空白)作为对照。结果表明:标准营养条件下,添加国产酶的试验组日增重(25 63g)较对照组(22 93g)差异显著(p<0 05),进口酶组(23 42g)高于对照组,但差异不显著(p>0 05);低蛋白营养和高纤维营养型的试验组日增重均较标准营养型日粮组有所下降,但国产酶组下降幅度较小,与对照组差异不显著(p>0 05),进口酶组下降幅度较大,与国产酶组和对照组差异均显著(p<0 05);标准营养条件下,2个试验组的饲料利用率都优于对照组,分别降低饲料消耗6 43%和1 96%。而低蛋白和高纤维型日粮条件下,国产酶组与标准营养条件下的对照组接近,比进口酶组分别降低21 44%和16 26%。进口酶与标准对照分别增加饲料消耗19 78%和17 86%。试验表明,在生长獭兔日粮中添加外源酶制剂,对于促进生长、降低饲料消耗有较好效果。国产兔用复合酶优于进口的耐得酵素。     

有机无机复混肥对水稻氮素利用率的影响

在重庆地区2种代表性中性紫色土直,研究有机无机复混肥对水稻产量、氮素利用率及土壤养分的影响。结果表明,施用有机－无机复混肥料提高了水稻株高、剑叶面积及穗长,降低了空壳率,以40％发酵有机－无机复混肥处理的当季水稻产量增加2．5％－10．1％,为各处理最高,氮素利用率提高17．65％,随有机N的比例增加水稻产量下降。连续两年施用有机无机复混肥,土壤速效P和有效K均有明显提高,且随着有机肥比例的增加及增幅亦增加,土壤破解N的变化不明显,土壤阳离子交换量（CEC）的变化与鳞、钾的规律相似。     

葛根粉-牛奶共混体系的相行为及稳定性研究

【目的】研究葛根粉初始质量浓度和混合物中牛奶体积分数对葛根粉-牛奶混合物相行为、稳定性及相关性质的影响,为该功能性复合饮料的开发提供基础数据。【方法】利用天然葛根粉与传统饮料牛奶通过共混法配制复合饮料,并通过浊度仪、Zeta电位仪、粒径分析仪、差示扫描量热仪、正置荧光显微镜等多种仪器对混合体系予以表征,分析不同初始质量浓度葛根粉和不同体积分数牛奶混配的葛根粉 牛奶混合物的稳定性及相行为的变化。【结果】观察发现,当葛根粉初始质量浓度为1 g/L时,葛根粉-牛奶混合物未出现明显的相分离,而当葛根粉初始质量浓度增加到25 g/L时,混合物出现明显分层现象。葛根粉-牛奶共混体系表现出稳定、亚稳定、不稳定3种状态。初始质量浓度为1 g/L的葛根粉与任意体积分数的牛奶配制的葛根粉-牛奶混合物均表现稳定,无聚集体产生。当葛根粉初始质量浓度高于5 g/L且牛奶体积分数低于40%时,二者混合物会出现聚集现象,此时要得到稳定体系,则需将其中的牛奶体积分数增加到40%以上。混合物的浊度主要与牛奶体积分数有关。混合物Zeta电位的绝对值随牛奶体积分数的增大而增大。随葛根粉初始质量浓度的增加,混合物的粒径分布变宽且大粒径粒子的比例增加。向牛奶中添加葛根粉,可以使混合物的热学性能发生改变。正置荧光显微镜观测表明,随着牛奶体积分数增大,混合体系微观结构由不均匀逐渐向均匀转变。【结论】葛根粉-牛奶混合物的稳定性与葛根粉初始质量浓度及牛奶体积分数有关,随着葛根粉初始质量浓度的降低(即从25 g/L降至1 g/L)或混合物中牛奶体积分数的增加(即从0%增至100%),共混体系的稳定性增加。     

重庆江津区自产大米和玉米中重金属的健康风险评价

以重庆市江津区为研究区,采集2019年生产的63份大米籽粒和64份玉米籽粒,用电感耦合等离子质谱仪(ICP–MS)和原子荧光光谱仪(AFS)测定大米和玉米籽粒中砷(As)、钡(Ba)、镉(Cd)、铜(Cu)、铁(Fe)、锰(Mn)、钼(Mo)、镍(Ni)和锌(Zn)的质量分数,并利用环境健康风险模型评价江津区大米和玉米中重金属的健康风险。结果表明：江津区大米和玉米籽粒中As最大质量分数分别为176.0、162.8 μg/kg,低于国家食品卫生As标准(<200 μg/kg);江津区3份大米和6份玉米样品中Cd质量分数超过国家食品卫生Cd标准(大米Cd质量分数<200 μg/kg、玉米Cd质量分数<100 μg/kg);大米籽粒中As和Mo质量分数均值显著高于玉米籽粒的(P<0.05),Cd质量分数均值略高于玉米籽粒的;大米籽粒中As、Cu、Mn和Zn的单因子污染指数均小于1,属于清洁水平,3份大米籽粒样品中Cd属于轻度污染;大米和玉米籽粒重金属综合污染指数分别为1.09和1.57,属于轻度污染,江津区玉米籽粒中重金属污染程度大于大米籽粒;大米籽粒中重金属As和Cd的致癌风险分别占健康总风险的82.7%和16.8%,表明江津区大米籽粒中As含量虽低于国家食品卫生标准安全值,但其健康风险较高,其次为Cd。可见,重庆地区需重点监控农作物中As和Cd的健康风险。     

火龙果的护色及其与脐橙复合饮料的工艺研究

以火龙果和脐橙为原料,采用单因素试验研究L-半胱氨酸、柠檬酸、抗坏血酸和氯化钠(NaC)l 4种护色剂对火龙果汁色泽的影响,再采用正交试验确定复合饮料的最佳配方。结果表明,0.1%的L-半胱氨酸对火龙果汁护色效果最好,火龙果和脐橙汁最佳配比为1.5∶1.0,复合饮料的配方组成为40%的火龙果—脐橙汁量、0.05%柠檬酸、3%蔗糖,所制得的复合饮料风味独特,酸甜适口,营养品质较好。     

施用活性有机肥对烤烟生长和品质的影响

为筛选出活性有机肥与复合肥配施的最佳肥料配比,在云南红河州烟区进行了复合肥450kg/hm~2+活性有机肥60kg/hm~2,复合肥450kg/hm~2+活性有机肥85kg/hm~2,复合肥450kg/hm~2+活性有机肥110kg/hm~2对烤烟生长和品质的影响试验。结果表明:随活性有机肥用量增加,烤烟产量增加,且处理间差异显著(P0.05);烟碱、总氮和钾离子含量提高,总糖和还原糖含量降低;香气质、香气量和使用价值呈先升高后降低趋势。综合农艺性状、经济性状、烟叶内在化学成分和感官评吸质量,烤烟种植以施复合肥450kg/hm~2+活性有机肥85kg/hm~2的效果最好,其产值、上等烟比例分别达53 475.75元/hm~2和68.67%。     

新型复合肥在黑龙江省水稻生产中的应用效果

为了更好地评价新型肥料在黑龙江省水稻生产中的施用效果,利用大田区域联合试验的方法,通过将新型复合肥与常规肥料进行对比,研究新型复合肥的施用对不同积温带水稻生长发育及产量的影响。结果表明:施用复合肥处理较常规对照在佳木斯增产4.08%,在哈尔滨减产7.49%,且差异显著,在二九一农场减产5.18%。由于有效穗数和每穗粒数下降引起减产,每穗粒数和千粒重增加导致增产。在成熟期,施用新型复合肥使佳木斯的干物质增加5.15%,而哈尔滨和二九一农场的干物质分别下降4.95%和3.89%。与常规对照相比,复合肥处理使佳木斯的氮肥偏生产力增加4.08%,而哈尔滨和二九一农场的氮肥偏生产力分别降低7.49%和5.18%。表明,该新型复合肥在黑龙江省不同水稻种植区域的应用效果存在一定差异。     

Inconel 718合金的磁性复合流体抛光工艺

针对Inconel 718合金材料加工中不断提高的表面质量需求,研究了采用磁性复合流体(Magneticcompound fluid)抛光Inconel718合金材料的加工工艺.根据磁性复合流体抛光原理搭建Inconel718合金抛光实验平台,进行不同抛光方向、抛光时间、抛光转速等工艺参数下的Inconel718合金抛...     

Electrophysiological Evaluation of Pacific Oyster (Crassostrea gigas) Sensitivity to Saxitoxin and Tetrodotoxin

Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) may bio-accumulate high levels of paralytic shellfish toxins (PST) during harmful algal blooms of the genus Alexandrium. These blooms regularly occur in coastal waters, affecting oyster health and marketability. The aim of our study was to analyse the PST-sensitivity of nerves of Pacific oysters in relation with toxin bio-accumulation. The results show that C. gigas nerves have micromolar range of saxitoxin (STX) sensitivity, thus providing intermediate STX sensitivity compared to other bivalve species. However, theses nerves were much less sensitive to tetrodotoxin. The STX-sensitivity of compound nerve action potential (CNAP) recorded from oysters experimentally fed with Alexandrium minutum (toxic-alga-exposed oysters), or Tisochrysis lutea, a non-toxic microalga (control oysters), revealed that oysters could be separated into STX-resistant and STX-sensitive categories, regardless of the diet. Moreover, the percentage of toxin-sensitive nerves was lower, and the STX concentration necessary to inhibit 50% of CNAP higher, in recently toxic-alga-exposed oysters than in control bivalves. However, no obvious correlation was observed between nerve sensitivity to STX and the STX content in oyster digestive glands. None of the nerves isolated from wild and farmed oysters was detected to be sensitive to tetrodotoxin. In conclusion, this study highlights the good potential of cerebrovisceral nerves of Pacific oysters for electrophysiological and pharmacological studies. In addition, this study shows, for the first time, that C. gigas nerves have micromolar range of STX sensitivity. The STX sensitivity decreases, at least temporary, upon recent oyster exposure to dinoflagellates producing PST under natural, but not experimental environment.     

Non-traditional vectors for paralytic shellfish poisoning

Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), due to saxitoxin and related compounds, typically results from the consumption of filter-feeding molluscan shellfish that concentrate toxins from marine dinoflagellates. In addition to these microalgal sources, saxitoxin and related compounds, referred to in this review as STXs, are also produced in freshwater cyanobacteria and have been associated with calcareous red macroalgae. STXs are transferred and bioaccumulate throughout aquatic food webs, and can be vectored to terrestrial biota, including humans. Fisheries closures and human intoxications due to STXs have been documented in several non-traditional (i.e. non-filter-feeding) vectors. These include, but are not limited to, marine gastropods, both carnivorous and grazing, crustacea, and fish that acquire STXs through toxin transfer. Often due to spatial, temporal, or a species disconnection from the primary source of STXs (bloom forming dinoflagellates), monitoring and management of such non-traditional PSP vectors has been challenging. A brief literature review is provided for filter feeding (traditional) and non-filter feeding (non-traditional) vectors of STXs with specific reference to human effects. We include several case studies pertaining to management actions to prevent PSP, as well as food poisoning incidents from STX(s) accumulation in non-traditional PSP vectors.