试验室好氧堆肥反应器系统性能试验

为探讨试验室自制强制通风好氧堆肥系统的保温性能和通风性能及其对好氧堆肥过程的作用效果,进行了不同初始质量和初始温度的热水保温试验,测定了系统保温性能参数以及不同流量下的通风性能,最后进行鲜猪粪麦秸混合好氧堆肥平行试验.结果显示:各反应器保温箱的保温性能没有显著性差异,保温性能参数UA值的标准差为0.02,最大相对标准偏差为4.93%;各反应器间通风系统性能差异不显著,当流量计设定流量分别为0.2、0.5、1.0、1.5和2.0 L/min时,各反应器通风管出口处的流速在同一设定流量下基本相等;好氧堆肥试验过程堆体温度经历了快速升温、保持一段时间的高温和温度缓慢下降3个阶段,各反应器堆体温度超过50℃的时间分别为5.3天、6.0天、5.1天和6.8天,符合国家标准;可挥发性固体降解率依次为18.1%、13.3%、15.8%和15.2%.     

In-House Composting of Layer Manure in a High-Rise,Tunnel-Ventilated Commercial Layer House During an Egg Production Cycle

In-house composting has the potential to improve the viability of the high-rise house for commercial egg production by producing a value-added product from the manure without requiring a separate composting facility. The feasibility of in-house composting depends in part on having the ability to handle the manure mass that accumulates over an extended period. This field study showed that in-house composting is possible for the length of an egg production cycle. Beginning with windrows of a carbon source, fresh pine sawdust or shredded yard waste, upon which manure fell from the cage rows above, compost volume grew rapidly in the first few weeks, but slowed after composting activity peaked, as indicated by compost temperatures. In cold weather, when ventilation rates were low, compost remixing temporarily produced high ammonia levels in the house, but ammonia levels at other times were comparable to or lower than those in an undisturbed house. The final compost was friable and nutrient-rich, although the handling quality of the yard waste compost was reduced by persistence of elongated woody pieces of the original carbon source. The ability to access the manure storage area of a high-rise house over a cycle of production gives potential to deliver manure amendments to improve nitrogen retention in the compost, which would have the effect of improving its fertilizer value and reducing ammonia emission from the house.     

嗜热真菌M5的生物学特性

助堆剂中一种嗜热真菌Ｍ５的最适生长温度为４５－５０℃，ＰＨ７．５－８．０，经它分解代谢后的草料培养基及其浸出物，可以促进蘑菇菌丝的生长繁殖。Ｍ５具有堆制作用。     

基于Web of Science的2000—2021年堆肥氨挥发研究的文献计量分析

为了解国内外堆肥氨挥发领域的发展历程以及未来的发展态势,以“composting or compost”、“ammonia or NH₃”和 “emission or volatilization”等为主题词,搜索Web of Science核心合集数据库,并利用VOSviewer、CiteSpace等可视化分析软件,对 2000—2021年国内外发文量的变化趋势、主要研究机构、高被引文章、研究热点与前沿进行可视化分析。结果表明:2000—2011年,全球堆肥氨挥发领域年发文量较少且平稳。自2012年开始,中国在堆肥氨挥发领域发文量快速增长,目前中国的发文量居世界首位;中国农业大学在堆肥氨挥发领域的发文量和总被引频次均位列世界第一,西北农林科技大学和巴塞罗那大学篇均被引次数较高。该领域研究热点主要为畜禽粪便、污泥等富含蛋白质的堆肥原料、堆体自身理化性质与外部环境等氨挥发的主要影响因素、堆肥添加剂以及堆肥工艺调控减排措施与机理。2000—2010年,生物过滤技术被用于减少堆肥氨排放,且温度被认为是影响堆肥氨挥发的重要因素;2011—2021年氨气、氧化亚氮、生物炭成为热点关键词,生物炭作为改良剂减少氨挥发与温室气体排放成为研究人员关注的热点。从关键词突现图谱可以看出,生物炭(biochar)突现强度高,突现年份近,这是近五年的热点,有可能是未来研究的热点。研究发现,新型低成本、可回收调理剂的开发与应用、生物炭等调理剂固定的氮素的稳定性、以及含氮气体、含硫臭气、温室气体与重金属、抗生素、抗性基因等多种性质污染物的协同控制可作为未来的研究前沿。综上,本研究可为了解2000—2021年来堆肥氨挥发领域的发展态势提供参考,并且为堆肥氨挥发研究领域未来提供启发。     

外源微生物对牛粪高温堆肥的影响

通过向堆肥中添加微生物菌剂和已腐熟堆肥研究了其对堆肥腐熟速度的影响。结果表明,添加菌剂和腐熟堆肥在堆制初期均能促进堆体快速升温,较对照提前1～4 d到达高温阶段(>50℃),且菌剂添加量越大,升温越快,尤其是添加600 mg.kg-1菌剂和50 g.kg-1腐熟堆肥,使高温期(>50℃)延长了3～4 d,29 d后堆肥达到腐熟,种子发芽指数分别为92.1%和84.4%,其他处理则未达到腐熟。这表明向堆肥中接入一定量的菌剂和腐熟堆肥均可加快堆肥进程,缩短堆肥周期。     

城市垃圾堆肥技术及研究概况

综述了堆肥系统的分类、堆肥的条件控制和堆肥腐熟度的研究概况，分析了城市垃圾堆肥的使用效果，并展望了城市垃圾堆肥技术的发展前景。     

除氨菌系对牛粪堆肥氮素转化的影响

为了减轻牛粪堆肥过程中NH3释放对环境的污染及氮素损失,在牛粪堆肥时添加除氨菌系,研究其对氮素形态转化的影响。加除氨菌系处理的NH4+-N、NH3较对照分别降低20.47%和61.21%,全氮、NO3--N较对照分别提高11.63%和65.01%,酸解有机氮、氨基酸态氮、酰胺态氮和氨基糖态氮含量分别提高12.42%、11.26%、16.92%和19.51%。表明除氨菌系在牛粪堆肥过程中,能够固定NH4+-N向有机氮各组分转化,减少NH3挥发,具有较好的保氮作用。     

Composting to sanitize plant‐based waste infected with organisms of plant health importance

The potential for using the composting process to sanitize plant waste infected with one of three plant pathogens was investigated using bench‐scale composting equipment. Two of these pathogens, the potato wart disease fungus Synchytrium endobioticum and Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) are currently subject to European quarantine regulations. The third, Polymyxa betae, a parasite of sugar beet, is regulated in some European countries when in association with Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV), the causal organism of rhizomania disease of sugar beet. Survival of test organisms following various combinations of compost temperature, exposure time and moisture was determined using RNA‐based detection methodology and/or plant‐based bioassays. Mathematically definable relationships between compost treatment (temperature/time) and organism viability were identified for P. betae and S. endobioticum; these give some indication of the practicality of using composting for dealing with infected wastes. However, for PSTVd, the considerable variability in measured susceptibility of the viroid to the composting process meant that no such definable relationship could be determined and further work would be needed to extrapolate to practical situations.     

利用密闭箱式堆肥系统处理畜禽粪便研究

通过4个密闭式堆肥仓中对纯蛋鸡粪便、鸡粪 秸秆、鸡粪 锯末的不同配比的堆肥试验,考察密闭式堆肥的可行性,四种处理都能够达到美国EPA无害化(pathogen-free)的要求,三种处理温度上升明显,有机质、总氮、总磷无显著变化,在5d内大肠菌群被杀灭。     

堆肥及消化对城市污泥中LABs降解行为的初步研究

对广州、深圳两城市污泥及经消化和堆肥化的污泥中ＬＡＢｓ的检测和分析表明：（１）两城市污泥中ＬＡＢｓ化合物均为合成来源,但二者的配方不同．（２）厌氧消化和好气堆肥两种处理对同碳数的ＬＡＢ所有异构体降解程度基本相近,但不同异构体之间降解速度不同,２－苯基异构体优势于其它异构体降解．（３）两种生污泥都已经历了较高程度的降解,好气堆肥能使有机质降解程度提高,而厌氧消化作用则不能．新降解程序指标［Ｉ／Ｅ］１３的有效性有待进一步研究．