Dispersal and tributary immigration by juvenile coho salmon contribute to spatial expansion during colonisation

Anadromous fishes are frequently restricted by artificial barriers to movement such as dams and culverts, so measuring dispersal helps identify sites where improved connectivity could promote range expansion and population viability. We used a combination of DNA‐based parentage analysis and mark–recapture techniques to evaluate dispersal by juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in a population in the initial stages of colonisation following installation of fish passage structures at a previously impassable dam on the Cedar River, WA, USA. The spatial distribution of individuals within maternal families revealed that dispersal was common. Among the offspring of radio‐tagged mothers, 28% were collected outside the spawning reach and dispersed up to 6.3 km (median = 1.5 km). Most juveniles captured in a tributary (Rock Creek, where few adults spawned) had immigrated from the Cedar River and represented many different families. Juvenile dispersal therefore provided a secondary phase of spatial expansion following initial colonisation by adults. Consistent with the condition‐dependent dispersal hypothesis, juveniles that dispersed farther upstream in the tributary were larger than fish collected near the tributary mouth. Overall, the results demonstrated widespread dispersal in a system with low coho salmon densities, and this might increase the rate of population growth if it reduces the effects of local density dependence. By implication, juveniles can take advantage of rearing habitats reconnected through barrier removal, even when such areas are located several kilometres from adult breeding grounds.     

Towards the development of a bioeconomic stocking model for the semi‐arid savanna of KwaZulu‐Natal

Abstract

Rainfall variability is a major determinant of system dynamics and profitability of livestock enterprises in arid and semi‐arid environments. Range managers consequently require detailed information on the financial and ecological implications of various stocking strategies in order to formulate viable management systems. Data collected over seven seasons (1986–1993), from a series of extensive grazing trials in the semi‐arid savanna of KwaZulu‐Natal with cattle stocked at three rates (0.17, 0.23 and 0.30 LSU ha^?1) were used to develop a bioeconomic stocking model (LOWBEEF). The model comprised two biological sub‐models (BEEF and GRASS), and an integrated economic component. The BEEF sub‐model related seasonal live mass gain to stocking rate and rainfall. The GRASS sub‐model related residual herbage at the end of summer to summer stocking intensity, range condition (indexed as the sum of proportions of three key forage species, Themeda triandra, Panicum maximum and P. coloratum) and rainfall. The period over which supplementary feeding would be required to maintain cattle mass was related to residual summer herbage mass. The biological sub‐models were linked to an economic component model (ECON) to reflect the influence of various environmental and economic parameters on profitability.     

2株优良天麻共生蜜环菌生长条件筛选

筛选出2株昭通本地天麻共生蜜环菌(SNA03、SNA04)菌索生长的最佳条件。采用单因素试验和正交试验法进行筛选,以生物量为考察指标。2株菌菌索生长的最适温度为25℃,暗培养下菌索生长速度最快;单糖(葡萄糖)为2菌株生长的最佳碳源,有机氮中的酵母膏和蛋白胨为最佳氮源,最适无机元素为K2SO4(SNA03)和KH2PO4(SNA04),最适维生素为VB2;最佳营养条件组合为葡萄糖∶酵母膏∶K2SO4(SNA03)或KH2PO4(SNA04)∶VB2=15g·L-1∶3g·L-1∶2g·L-1∶0.005g·L-)1,氮源(酵母膏)是影响菌索生长的最主要因素。来自昭通的2株天麻共生蜜环菌对营养和环境条件的要求基本一致。最佳生长条件的确定,对昭通蜜环菌快速工业化制种及天麻的大规模生产将起到一定的推动作用。     

人凝血酶原复合物提取及纯化工艺的研究

[目的]确定血浆中人凝血酶原复合物提取及纯化的最佳工艺条件。[方法]以人血浆为原料,凝血酶原复合物的吸附率和回收率为评价指标,采用单因素试验及正交试验对提取和纯化条件进行优选。[结果]最佳工艺为:选用pH值为7.0的DEAE-Sephadex A50凝胶从人血浆中提取人凝血酶原复合物,吸附50 min时,凝胶对凝血因子Ⅱ、Ⅶ、Ⅸ、Ⅹ的吸附率可达84.0%、86.5%、85.7%和78.0%;采用NaCl浓度为0.1 mol/L、pH值为7.2的洗涤液洗涤吸附后的凝胶5次,然后用NaCl浓度为2.0 mol/L的洗脱液洗脱3次,对凝血因子Ⅱ、Ⅶ、Ⅸ、Ⅹ的回收率可达84.9%、76.4%、82.8%和78.7%。[结论]该工艺合理、可行,适合人凝血酶原复合物的工业化生产。     

温度、食料条件对白背飞虱种群增长的影响

白背飞虱若虫和全世代发育速率与温度的关系呈逻辑斯谛关系,成虫产卵前期和卵的发育速率与温度的关系呈二次抛物线关系。在18—30℃下,卵孵化率比较稳定,水稻生育期对卵孵化亦无明显影响,孵化率平均为86.96％。若虫存活率、成虫产卵量和内禀增长力受温度和食料条件的影响十分明显,取食分蘖期和拔节期水稻的若虫存活率最高,成虫产卵量和内禀增长力最大。在水稻各生育期,若虫存活率、成虫产卵量和内禀增长力与温度的关系呈抛物线趋势。当温度达到35℃时,各生育期卵孵化率均下降到50％以下,且若虫陆续全部死亡。     

大兴安岭林区雪兔冬季营养状况的初步评价

通过对大兴安岭林区雪兔肾脏重量和肾脏中心脂肪指数的研究,初步评价了不同年龄性别组雪兔以及冬季不同月份雪兔体况的差异。雪兔左肾重量大于右肾,不同年龄性别组雪兔间肾重存在极显著的差异（P＜0．01）,肾重与体重呈显著的正相关性（P＜0．01）;雪兔肾重和KFI值存在月份间差异,KFI值在不同的年龄性别组间也呈现明显的差异性（P＜0．01）。     

影响大豆疫霉菌(Phytophthora sojae)游动孢子产生的条件

 间歇性地给菌丝块换水可以诱导菌丝产生孢子囊,进而释放游动孢子。挑取5~8块直径为8mm于利马豆或V₈汁平板上培养4~8d的菌块,置于直径7cm的培养皿内,加入蒸馏水正好没过菌块表面,每30 min换水一次,换水4次后加入15 ml Petri培养液,25℃、黑暗条件下培养18~20 h,可诱发菌块大量产孢。     

链格孢菌的产毒培养条件及其毒素的致病范围

从世界性恶性杂草紫茎泽兰自然发生的叶斑病病斑上分离得到6个链格孢菌菌株,对它们的产毒情况进行了研究。筛选出产毒能力强的501菌株,确定了有利于该菌株产毒的温度为25℃、pH值为4．13、培养时间为5－7天、黑暗及静置等培养条件。选择74种植物,以离体叶片针刺法对粗毒素的致病范围进行了测试,表明粗毒素具有一定范围的选择作用特性,从中筛选出草莓、苦苣菜、鸭跖草、火柴头、刺槐、水花生等敏感植物作为毒素的生测材料。     

陕西省果树黑星病发生现状及药剂防治策略

苹果、梨黑星病的初侵染发生率高低和发病中心的形成与当年5～6月份降雨量密切相关 ,而流行则与7～8月份降雨量密切相关 ,在防治策略上应重点抓住5～6月份的预报工作 ,药剂施用上应选择保护性杀菌剂及内吸性杀菌剂交替使用 ,在发病初期每隔7d喷药1次 ,连续喷3～4次 ,防效可达80%～85%。