环境因子对珍稀濒危植物裸果木种子萌发特性的影响

为研究濒危植物裸果木的有性繁殖,通过分析其结实率、种子大小、千粒质量及种子萌发对光照、温度、PEG胁迫的响应,探讨其种子萌发阶段的生态适应性。结果表明：裸果木的结实率为6.37%,种子长(2.03 ± 0.01) mm,宽(1.37 ± 0.01) mm,千粒质量为1.68 g;种子萌发阶段对光照和温度的要求不高,适宜温度下种子萌发迅速,平均萌发时间不到2 d;水分是限制裸果木种子萌发的一个主要因素,渗透压- 0.6 MPa是裸果木种子萌发的拐点,低于这个渗透势种子的萌发力显著降低;干旱胁迫下未萌发种子进入休眠状态,解除胁迫后迅速萌发。因此,裸果木种子在结实率低、种子小的条件下,形成了迅速有效地利用有限的水分以实现有性繁殖的繁殖机制。     

外源甜菜碱对渗透胁迫下巴西蕉幼苗生长和生理的影响

通过叶面喷施10 mmol/L甜菜碱预处理24 h后,以100 mmol/L甘露醇灌根模拟渗透胁迫,测定巴西蕉幼苗胁迫处理不同时间后其叶片和根中的MDA含量、抗氧化酶活性、渗透调节物质含量、光合特性等生理指标,分析外源甜菜碱对渗透胁迫下巴西蕉幼苗生长和生理的作用机制。结果表明：外源甜菜碱可显著降低渗透胁迫下巴西蕉幼苗叶片和根中MDA积累量,提高巴西蕉幼苗叶片和根中SOD、POD和CAT等抗氧化酶活性,显著提高渗透调节物质可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白的合成积累量。叶片中叶绿素含量和类胡萝卜素含量都显著上升并减缓渗透胁迫下叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量下降,显著提高渗透胁迫下叶绿素荧光参数,并减缓F_v/F_m、Y_II、ETR、Y_NPQ和Y_NO等叶绿素荧光参数的变化。因此,外源甜菜碱能有效缓解巴西蕉的渗透胁迫,提高巴西蕉的抗逆性。     

Ameliorative Effects of Oyster Protein Hydrolysates on Cadmium-Induced Hepatic Injury in Mice

Cadmium (Cd) is a widespread environmental toxicant that can cause severe hepatic injury. Oyster protein hydrolysates (OPs) have potential effects on preventing liver disease. In this study, thirty mice were randomly divided into five groups: the control, Cd, Cd + ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA, 100 mg/kg), and low/high dose of OPs-treatment groups (100 mg/kg or 300 mg/kg). After continuous administration for 7 days, the ameliorative effect of OPs on Cd-induced acute hepatic injury in Cd-exposed mice was assessed. The results showed that OPs significantly improved the liver function profiles (serum ALT, AST, LDH, and ALP) in Cd-exposed mice. Histopathological analysis showed that OPs decreased apoptotic bodies, hemorrhage, lymphocyte accumulation, and inflammatory cell infiltration around central veins. OPs significantly retained the activities of SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px, and decreased the elevated hepatic MDA content in Cd-exposed mice. In addition, OPs exhibited a reductive effect on the inflammatory responses (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) and inhibitory effects on the expression of inflammation-related proteins (MIP-2 and COX-2) and the ERK/NF-κB signaling pathway. OPs suppressed the development of hepatocyte apoptosis (Bax, caspase-3, and Blc-2) and the activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in Cd-exposed mice. In conclusion, OPs ameliorated the Cd-induced hepatic injury by inhibiting oxidative damage and inflammatory responses, as well as the development of hepatocyte apoptosis via regulating the ERK/NF-κB and PI3K/AKT-related signaling pathways.     

Cosmetic Application of Cyanobacteria Extracts with a Sustainable Vision to Skincare: Role in the Antioxidant and Antiaging Process

Nature-based and sustainably sourced cosmetics have been dominating the area of skincare products worldwide. Due to their antioxidant and antiaging properties, compounds from cyanobacteria, such as carotenoids and phycobiliproteins, may replace synthetic ingredients in cosmetic formulations and may be used in products such as sunscreens, skincare creams, and makeup. In this study, we evaluated the potential of acetonic and aqueous extracts from cyanobacteria strains of the genera Cyanobium and Leptothoe and from strains within Synechococcales and Oscillatoriales orders, for use in cosmetics. Extractions were sequentially performed with acetone and water. Extracts were firstly analyzed for their toxicity to keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells (HaCAT, 3T3L1 and hCMEC/D3, respectively). The non-cytotoxic extracts were characterized in terms of total proteins, carotenoids, chlorophyll, phenols, phycobiliproteins, and analyzed for their antioxidant potential against the superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), and for their ability to inhibit key enzymes associated with the skin aging process. Aqueous extracts were richer in total proteins and phycobiliproteins. The aqueous extracts of Synechococcales cyanobacterium LEGE 181157 and Synechococcales cyanobacterium LEGE 181150 showed the highest value for total proteins (760.81 and 695.25 μg BSA mL⁻¹_{dry extract,} respectively) and the best values regarding O₂^•− scavenging (IC₅₀ = 63.24 and 112.18 μg mL⁻¹_{dry extract}, respectively) with a significant negative correlation observed (p < 0.01). Moreover, aqueous extracts of Synechococcales cyanobacterium LEGE 181150 and Synechococcales cyanobacterium LEGE 181157 inhibited hyaluronidase, (IC₅₀ of 483.86 and 645.06 μg mL⁻¹_{dry extract}, respectively), with a significant negative correlation with total proteins (p < 0.05), pointing out the contribution of these compounds to the biological activities observed. Acetonic extracts were richer in carotenoids and phenols. Zeaxanthin and β-carotene were predominant among all strains, being present in higher amount in Cyanobium sp. LEGE 07175 (53.08 μg mg⁻¹) and Leptothoe sp. LEGE 181156 (47.89 μg mg⁻¹), respectively. The same strains also showed the highest values for collagenase inhibition at 750 μg mL⁻¹_{dry extract} (32.88 and 36.61%, respectively). Furthermore, Leptothoe sp. LEGE 181156 exhibited the lowest IC₅₀ value for tyrosinase inhibition (465.92 μg mL⁻¹_{dry extract}) and Synechococcales cyanobacterium LEGE 181157 presented the best values for elastase inhibition (IC₅₀ of 380.50 and IC₂₅ of 51.43 μg mL⁻¹_{dry extract}). In general, cyanobacteria extracts demonstrated potential for being used for antiaging purposes, with aqueous extracts being more efficient at free radicals scavenging and acetonic ones at avoiding degradation of dermal matrix components.     

基于无人机遥感的夏玉米水分胁迫指数改进方法

冠层温度（canopy temperature,Tc）是作物水分胁迫计算的基础。准确地剔除热红外图像中的土壤背景,可以提高作物水分的监测精度。该研究以4种水分处理的拔节期夏玉米为研究对象,借助无人机可见光和热红外图像,采用红绿比值指数（red-green ratio index,RGRI）法提取研究区域的面状玉米冠层温度的空间分布信息,并分析每幅热红外图像上冠层温度的累积频率。该并提出了两种改进作物水分胁迫指数（crop water stress index,CWSI）性能的方法,一是使用基于正态分布的不同统计分位数分割冠层温度,并基于不同统计分位数上的平均冠层温度计算CWSI（记为CWSITcF%）。二是基于冠层温度方差（canopy temperature variance,Var）,将玉米冠层数据分为4个区间：区间Ⅰ,Tc≤40,Var≤10;区间Ⅱ,Tc≤40,10< Var≤20;区间Ⅲ,35< Tc<45,Var>20;区间Ⅳ,40< Tc<50,0< Var≤20,并在各自区间上选择最敏感的统计分位数计算CWSI（记为CWSIn）。研究结果表明：1）利用2020年和2021年两年数据计算的CWSIn与作物生理指标（气孔导度Gs、净光合速率Pn、蒸腾速率Tr）间的决定系数R2分别为0.72、0.52、0.62 ,nRMSE分别为23.96%、24.06%、25.60%,模型拟合精度高于原始CWSI（R2分别为0.73、0.34、0.46,nRMSE分别为23.69%、28.27%、30.21%）,但与CWSITcF%差别不大（R2分别为0.74、0.54、0.61,nRMSE分别为22.87%、23.74%、25.61%）;2）虽然CWSITcF%能提高诊断作物水分胁迫的精度,但最敏感的冠层温度区间在年际间相差较大（2020,61.17%;2021,49.38%;两年数据,83.51%）,而CWSIn稳定性更高（与生理指标间的nRMSE分别为：2020年16.60%、27.37%、28.49%;2021年21.60%、18.95%、22.64%）。因此,综合来看 CWSIn可以更加精确地监测作物水分胁迫,利用该改进方法可为无人机遥感精准监测作物水分胁迫状况提供参考。     

受渍指数构建及其在长江中下游小麦渍害风险评估中的应用

渍害是长江中下游地区影响小麦生长发育的一种主要农业气象灾害,针对目前渍害评估方法中考虑致灾因子不全面和没有考虑作物耐渍性生育期差异等问题,该研究提出了以整个生长季受渍指数表征小麦受渍程度特征的量化模型。该模型综合考虑了土壤低氧对根系影响和不同生育期内小麦耐渍性差异,并将2016-2022年SMAP（soil moisture active passive）土壤表层含水率产品数据代入模型中计算长江中下游地区各栅格点（10 km×10 km）受渍指数值,通过分析受渍指数与小麦产量的关系,确定受渍指数 5.3 为是否受渍的阈值,从而得到长江中下游地区受渍率空间分布,并依据受渍率进行分区风险评估。结果表明：湖北省、安徽省、江苏省小麦发生渍害地区主要集中在长江沿线,即各省南部,主要以中风险区为主;湖南省、江西省小麦发生渍害高风险区主要集中在各省的中部,2省其他区域都为中风险区。长江中下游地区全域无渍害区面积占20.0%,低风险区占14.8%,中风险区占30.1%,高风险区占35.7%。研究可为作物渍害精细化风险评估提供可靠的方法与手段。     

运用超声波标志法分析水槽养殖条件下大黄鱼行为特性

为探讨低盐驯化对低盐胁迫下大黄鱼氧化损伤和转录组的影响,本实验将体重为(52.46±1.47) g的大黄鱼暴露在盐度为25或20的水体中7 d,再暴露在盐度为10的水体中24 h。结果显示,低盐胁迫显著增加了活性氧(ROS)和脂质过氧化物(LPO)含量。尽管低盐驯化对ROS和LPO不产生影响,但低盐驯化显著降低了低盐胁迫下大黄鱼ROS和LPO含量,表明低盐驯化缓解了低盐胁迫对大黄鱼的氧化损伤。从低盐驯化vs.对照组、低盐胁迫vs.对照组和低盐驯化+低盐胁迫vs.低盐胁迫实验中,分别筛选到356、478和484个差异基因。GO和KEGG分析发现,差异基因显著富集在GnRH信号通路、PPAR信号通路、凋亡、Toll样受体通路和MAPK信号通路等,表明低盐驯化可以通过调节离子和物质运输、脂类代谢、细胞凋亡和非特异性免疫等来提高大黄鱼的低盐胁迫耐受性。研究表明,低盐驯化可以通过调节离子和物质运输、脂类代谢、细胞凋亡和非特异性免疫等来提高大黄鱼的低盐胁迫耐受性。研究结果揭示了低盐驯化改善大黄鱼低盐胁迫耐受性的分子机制,可为今后工厂化和内陆采用淡水或半咸水养殖大黄鱼提供科学依据。     

外源花青素对干旱胁迫下烤烟幼苗生长及其生理特性的影响

以烤烟品种‘秦烟96’和‘云烟116’等2个烤烟品种为试验材料,通过开展盆栽试验,设置正常供水和中度干旱等2个水分梯度,外源花青素设置6个浓度,研究外源花青素对干旱胁迫下烤烟幼苗农艺性状、单株干重、光合气体参数、叶绿素荧光参数及活性氧代谢系统的影响。结果表明：干旱胁迫下,两个烤烟品种生长受到抑制且生理性能下降;干旱胁迫下喷施外源花青素可显著增加烤烟幼苗的株高、茎围、最大叶长、最大叶宽、最大叶面积、单株干重、净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率PSⅡ最大光化学效率、PSⅡ实际光化学效率和光化学猝灭系数,降低叶片中胞间CO₂浓度和非光化学猝灭系数,降低超氧阴离子自由基产生速率和丙二醛含量,提高叶片中超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性,增强烤烟幼苗对干旱胁迫的耐受性,有效缓解干旱胁迫对烤烟幼苗生长及其生理功能的损害;其中‘秦烟96’以叶面喷施3 mg·L^-1花青素对考烟幼苗生长的促进效果最佳,‘云烟116’以叶面喷施4 mg·L^-1花青素效果最佳。     

干旱胁迫对台湾海桐生长和生理生化特性的影响

以一年龄台湾海桐(Pittosporum pentandrum)盆栽苗为试材,采用人为称重控水方法,研究了正常供水(CK)、轻度干旱胁迫(LD)、中度干旱胁迫(MD)和重度干旱胁迫(HD)4种水分处理对台湾海桐生长和生理生化特性的影响,以探讨台湾海桐耐旱机制。结果显示,随干旱胁迫程度的加剧,台湾海桐幼苗高度和生物量下降,根冠比增加;净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、气孔限制值(Ls)和水分利用效率(WUE)降低,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)增加;叶中K+和Mg2+含量降低,Ca2+含量先增加后降低;叶中可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量增加,叶中脯氨酸含量先增加后降低;叶中丙二醛(MDA)含量和质膜透性增加,过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性先增加后降低。干旱胁迫下台湾海桐幼苗生长受到抑制和膜脂过氧化加剧,但其能通过对渗透调节物质的含量和抗氧化酶系统的活性调节来保护膜结构,保持正常的生理活动,表现出一定的抗旱能力。     

K+对盐胁迫下罗布麻生长及离子吸收分配的效应

通过温室盆栽试验,研究了低钾(0.01 mmolL-1)和正常钾(2.5 mmolL-1)水平对NaCl胁迫下罗布麻(Apocynum venetum)生长和离子吸收分配的影响。结果表明,随着介质中NaCl浓度的增加,罗布麻的根、茎、叶的生物量和株高呈下降趋势;但相同浓度NaCl处理下,低钾和正常钾之间无显著差异(P0.05)。罗布麻各器官中Na+含量随介质NaCl浓度的增加显著上升(P0.05),叶中上升幅度明显大于根和茎;叶和茎中K+随介质NaCl浓度的增加显著下降,但仍维持较高水平,根中K+浓度能保持稳定;低钾和正常钾水平下,与无盐胁迫(对照)相比,50 mmolL-1 NaCl处理植株叶中K+浓度无显著变化。在对照条件下,罗布麻体内积累大量K+,其叶中K+浓度是Na+的15倍多。可见,增强K+的选择性吸收和运输,保持叶部较高的K+含量和K+/Na+比是罗布麻适应盐逆境的重要生理机制。