无磷酸氢钙日粮对生长猪的影响研究

将48头杜×长×大三元杂交生长猪随机分为两组,分别饲喂正常磷水平日粮和无磷酸氢钙日粮,结果表明:与正常磷水平日粮相比,无磷酸氢钙日粮可显著提高磷的表观消化率(P<0.05),增加猪场的纯收入,减少粪中磷的排放以保护猪场周边的生态环境。     

中链脂肪酸对体外发酵甲烷产量的影响

利用人工瘤胃体外产气法研究不同精粗比(0:1和1:1)日粮类型时中链脂肪酸对甲烷产量的影响。结果显示,体外培养24h,添加脂肪酸对甲烷产量的抑制作用不受日粮类型的影响(P>0.05);与不添加酸的对照相比,添加50mg未酯化月桂酸(C12:0)及月桂酸和肉豆蔻酸(C14:0)以3:2的比例组成的混合物(50mg)可分别抑制甲烷产量的22.2%(P<0.01)和11.8%(P<0.05);添加50 mg未酯化C14:0使甲烷产量降低3.4%(P>0.05);不同日粮类型上饲料产气量、瘤胃液pH值和氨氮浓度差异显著(P<0.01)。     

日粮多不饱和脂肪酸对猪繁殖性能的影响

本文主要从多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)的来源、合成途径、作用机理及使用效果等方面阐述了多不饱和脂肪酸影响猪繁殖性能的研究进展。     

Effects of Momordica grosvenori Saponins on Type 2 Diabetes Rats Induced by High-sucrose/High-fat Diet and Streptozotocin

The purpose of the experiment was to study the effect of Momordica grosvenori saponins on improving the effect of high-sucrose/high-fat diet combined with streptozotocin induced type 2 diabetes in rats.The type 2 diabetes rat model was established with a high-sucrose and high-fat diet combined with streptozotocin.Successfully modeled rats were given the total saponins of Momordica grosvenori (100,200,400 mg/kg) or metformin (268 mg/kg) by gavage,once a day for 4 weeks.Recording the "three more and one less"index (24 h internal urine output,water intake and feed intake,body weight);Detecting of biochemical indicators,analysis of fasting blood glucose (FBG),serum total cholesterol (TC),triglycerides (TG),low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C),high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C),insulin (INS),catalase (CAT),superoxide dismutase (SOD),malondialdehyde (MDA),alanine aminotransferase (AST),aspartate aminotransferase (ALT),blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr) levels.Hematoxylin-eosin staining (HE) was used to observe the pathological changes of the pancreas.Compared with the model group,the feed intake,water intake,urine output,blood indicators FBG,INS,MDA,TC,TG,BUN and Cr levels,AST and ALT activities were significantly or extremely significantly decreased in the total saponins of Momordica grosvenori each dose group and metformin group (P<0.05;P<0.01),while CAT,SOD activities and HDL-C level were significantly or extremely significantly increased (P<0.05;P<0.01).In pancreatic tissue,the number of pancreatic cells was increased significantly,and the pathological damage of the pancreas was significantly reduced. Momordica grosvenori saponins and metformin had obvious effects on improving glucose metabolism disorders,and at the same time could significantly reduce insulin resistance,enhance the body’s ability to resist oxidative stress and improve liver and kidney functions.     

Development of a spot plow providing complete inversion for effective weed control

Tillage for the "complete inversion" of soil, that is, overturning soil slices 180° was proposed, a "spot plow" was developed and tested to accomplish the task, and a simulation model was evaluated to demonstrate the efficacy of the plow on weed control. A 360 mm wide spot plow was designed to operate at a speed of 1.9 m s⁻¹ for the spot plowing with the least possible lateral displacement of the soil slice by utilizing the inertia of the soil slice and securely rotating it. In field experiments, complete spot inversion required an operating speed of at least 1.6 m s⁻¹; at lower speeds, a portion of the soil block was left half-inverted and further lowering led to considerable lateral displacement. The displacement in the forward and lateral directions was minimal, implying that spot plowing is suitable for potential application to and verification of the weed population dynamics model in the field. A simple linear matrix model of the population dynamics of annual weeds was proposed, whereby four layers of soil were set to describe tillage and other ecological events. The effect of tillage on weed control was evaluated by the equilibrium reproduction rate allowed to sustain a stable population of weeds. The simulation model showed that alternately changing the depth of spot plowing had a significant effect on controlling weeds of low-survival-rate seeds, even when some incomplete inversion of the soil slice was taken into account.     

Investigations of the maintenance system of the Konik Polski horse and its effects on fecal microbiota activity during the winter and summer seasons

Gastrointestinal microbiota play a key role in the nutrients digestion and hence maintaining animal health and welfare. The diet offered to the animals in captivity may differ considerably from that on natural pastures. In a stabled maintenance system, horses have a limited choice of habitat and feed. Time spend for feeding is relevant for equine welfare because the reduction of the time devoted for foraging may be responsible for inducing gastric inflammation and ulceration. Therefore, in the present study, it was hypothesized that fecal bacterial fermentative processes differ between free-roaming and stabled Konik Polski Horses (KPHs) with respect to microbial enzymatic activity, and thus the fecal concentration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), which can be further utilized for assessing the feeding behavior and welfare in free-roaming versus stabled horses. The SCFA concentration and profile, as well as the extracellular and intracellular activities of selected bacterial enzymes, were characterized in horse feces collected during the winter and summer feeding seasons. The results showed higher enzymatic activity and SCFA production in the feces excreted by free-roaming versus stabled horses, especially during summer. An increase in pasture plant diversity may be beneficial for the gastrointestinal microbiota and hence for maintaining health and welfare.     

双内源指示剂法测定兔饲粮消化能值及其预测模型的研究

本试验旨在研究利用双内源指示剂法测定兔饲粮养分消化率及消化能(DE)值,并建立兔饲粮DE值的预测模型。选用体重相近的4月龄獭兔30只,随机分为3组,每组10个重复,每个重复1只兔。每组饲喂1种饲粮,用全收粪法进行消化试验,用聚酯纤维筛网袋法测定了饲粮中的2种内源指示剂,即酸不溶木质素(ADL)和盐酸不溶灰分(AIA)+ADL的回收率。同时选取了山东省不同饲料公司生产的17种兔颗粒配合饲料,在各自兔养殖场进行饲养试验,利用双内源指示剂法测定兔饲粮DE值,建立兔饲粮DE值的预测模型。结果表明:1)全收粪法测得3种饲粮ADL的平均回收率为99.87%,ADL+AIA的平均回收率为96.81%,二者可作为理想的双内源指示剂。2)利用双内源指示剂法可以准确测定兔饲粮的各种养分消化率和DE值。3)兔饲粮DE值可以用饲粮中可消化有机物质(DOM)含量进行准确的预测:DE(M J/kg)=0.0204DOM(g/kg)或DE(M J/kg)=0.939 5+0.018 2DOM(g/kg)。4)利用兔饲粮中养分[粗蛋白质(CP)、粗脂肪(EE)、可溶性碳水化合物(NDSC)、半纤维素(HCEL)和纤维素(CEL)]含量建立兔饲粮DE值的预测模型为DE(MJ/kg)=0.016 6CP(g/kg)+0.0334EE(g/kg)+0.015 3NDSC(g/kg)+0.005 4HCEL(g/kg)+0.003 1CEL(g/kg)。由此可见,利用双内源指示剂法可以较好地预测兔饲粮的DE值。     

Impact of macronutrient composition and palatability in wet diets on food selection in cats

Cats are obligate carnivores adapted to high‐protein diets, but are commonly fed diets rich in carbohydrate. The aim of this study was to examine the food intake choices of cats when diets with different protein and carbohydrate contents were offered. Thirty‐nine cats participated in voluntary dietary intake studies. Four foods were formulated to provide between 24% and 53% of metabolizable energy as protein, between 43% and 11% as carbohydrate and holding dietary fat constant with a contribution of approximately 36%. Foods were offered either singly to evaluate voluntary food intake or in pairs to compare food intake between pairs of diets. Cats regulated their macronutrient intake to attain an overall diet composition that provided 53% of metabolizable energy as protein, 11% as carbohydrate and 36% as fat. The protein contribution corresponded to approximately 6 g of protein/kg body weight/day. High‐protein/low‐carbohydrate diets were always eaten preferentially over low‐protein/high‐carbohydrate foods. When low‐protein/high‐carbohydrate diets were offered, cats limited their food intake to limit daily carbohydrate intake to less than 3 g of carbohydrate/kg body weight. This carbohydrate ceiling may limit protein and even energy intake when only low‐protein/high‐carbohydrate diets were offered. The inclusion of palatability enhancer in the diets increased food intake but did not change protein or carbohydrate intake patterns, indicating that macronutrient intake can be regulated regardless of the use of palatability enhancers in cats. We conclude that cats can discriminate between diets based on macronutrient composition and regulate their intake to maintain maximal protein intake but limit carbohydrate intake.     

若干蚕品种对人工饲料育的适应性研究

本试验比较了30个家蚕品种对人工饲料育的适应性.通过调查各品种的疏毛率、眠蚕体重、起蚕率和存活率等指标,得出了各品种对人工饲料育的综合适应性指数.与疏毛率等单项指标相比,利用综合适应性指数能够更全面、准确地反映出品种间对人工饲料育的适应性差异.     

草地补播对甘南草原高寒草甸高原鼢鼠食性的影响

本研究阐明草地补播对高原鼢鼠(Eospalax baileyi)食性的影响,能为其防控和草地管理提供重要参考.利用胃容物显微分析法,研究高原鼢鼠在甘南高寒草甸补播草地和退化草地的食性与生态位差异.结果发现,草地补播显著改变了高原鼢鼠的食物资源,退化草地下优势植物主要是菊科(Asteraceae,45.30％)、唇形科(Lamiaceae,26.40％)和蔷薇科(Rosaceae,18.72％),而补播后则变为禾本科(Poaceae,37.00％)、蔷薇科(25.68％)和莎草科(Cyperaceae,16.54％).退化草地中高原鼢鼠采食15科27属27种植物,食物比例中蔷薇科(45.72％)、禾本科(19.68％)和廖科(Polygonaceae,17.11％)最高.而在补播草地高原鼢鼠采食15科25属28种植物,主要采食蔷薇科(40.71％)、禾本科(25.32％)、廖科(11.70％)和莎草科(11.45％).草地补播影响了高原鼢鼠采食植物的比例,且食性的生态位宽度、食物的多样性指数和均匀度有所提高.综上所述,补播可以通过减少杂类草的比例来减少高原鼢鼠的食物来源,喜食植物的减少可能会增加高原鼢鼠的觅食时间从而增加高原鼢鼠的觅食代价.通过补播影响高原鼢鼠食性是其生态防控的一个有效途径.