齐口裂腹鱼日粮中钙和磷及适宜钙磷比的研究

研究了齐口裂腹鱼日粮中适宜钙磷含量及其钙磷比,试验分2期进行,第Ⅰ期饵料中钙磷总量不同,在基础饵料钙磷比为1：0．54的基础上调整钙磷比梯度为1：0．5,1：0．54,1：1,1：2,1：3,1：4;第Ⅱ期饵料中钙磷比梯度基本保持不变,而钙磷总量均为6．66％。试验时间2个月,以鱼的增重率为试验指标。结果表明,齐口裂腹鱼对钙的需要量为1．48％-3．33％,对磷的需要量为1．48％-4．995％,对钙、磷总需要量为2．96％-6．66％,随钙的增加磷应以1：3的比例增加。     

侵染胡椒的黄瓜花叶病毒海南分离物全序列分析及亚组鉴定

对侵染海南胡椒的3个黄瓜花叶病毒分离物(CMV-WN1,CMV-DA,CMV-FT)的全序进行克隆和分析。CMV-WN1,CMV-DA,CMV-FT分离物RNA1全长分别为3 361,3 360,3 359个核苷酸(nt),编码1a蛋白;RNA2全长分别为3 044,3 048,3 046 nt,编码2a和2b蛋白;RNA3全长分别为2 217,2 224,2 216 nt,编码3a和CP蛋白。序列一致性比较结果表明,CMV-WN1,CMV-DA,CMV-FT的RNA1,RNA2,RNA3均与CMV亚组IB CMV-SD序列一致性最高,编码的所有蛋白的氨基酸序列一致性也均与CMV-SD序列一致性最高,其中除了2b氨基酸序列一致性低于90%外,其他蛋白的氨基酸序列的一致性均高于93.5%。RNA3的5'NTR结构分析以及RNA3 5'NTR核苷酸序列和CP氨基酸序列系统进化树分析结果表明CMV-WN1,CMV-DA及CMV-FT均属CMV IB亚组。CP系统进化树中CMV-WN1,CMV-FT与云南胡椒分离物CMV-YNP聚成一簇,而CMV-DA与海南胡椒分离物CMV-HNP独立形成另一个分支。     

Host Plant-Based Artificial Diets Enhance Development,Survival and Fecundity of the Edible Long-Horned Grasshopper Ruspolia differens (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)

Wild swarms of the long-horned grasshoppers Ruspolia differens (Serville) which are widely harvested for consumption and sale in Africa are seasonal and unsustainable, hence the need for innovative ways of artificially producing the insects. We investigated the development, survival, and reproduction of R. differens in the laboratory on diets mixed with host plants [Digitaria gayana Kunth, Cynodon dactylon (L.) and Megathyrsus maximus Jacq (Poales: Poaceae); Ageratum conyzoides L. (Asterales: Asteraceae)] identified from guts of their wild conspecifics with a view to developing a suitable diet for artificial mass rearing of the edible insect. A standard diet comprising ground black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens L. (Diptera: Startiomyidae) larvae, soybean flour, maize flour, vitamin premix, and ground bones was tested for rearing R. differens as a control against the same ingredients incorporated with individual powders of the different host plants. Whereas R. differens developed more slowly in the diet mixed with D. gayana than in the control diet; its development was faster in the diet mixed with C. dactylon. Mortalities of R. differens in host plant-based diets were 42.5–52.5%, far lower than in the control diet with 71% mortality. The insects raised on the diet mixed with M. maximus laid approximately twice more eggs compared to R. differens fecundities from the rest of the diets. However, inclusion of host plants in the diets had no detectable influence on R. differens adult weight and longevity. These findings support inclusion of specific host plants in artificial diets used for mass rearing of R. differens to enhance its survival, development, and fecundity.     

草地补播对甘南草原高寒草甸高原鼢鼠食性的影响

本研究阐明草地补播对高原鼢鼠(Eospalax baileyi)食性的影响,能为其防控和草地管理提供重要参考.利用胃容物显微分析法,研究高原鼢鼠在甘南高寒草甸补播草地和退化草地的食性与生态位差异.结果发现,草地补播显著改变了高原鼢鼠的食物资源,退化草地下优势植物主要是菊科(Asteraceae,45.30％)、唇形科(Lamiaceae,26.40％)和蔷薇科(Rosaceae,18.72％),而补播后则变为禾本科(Poaceae,37.00％)、蔷薇科(25.68％)和莎草科(Cyperaceae,16.54％).退化草地中高原鼢鼠采食15科27属27种植物,食物比例中蔷薇科(45.72％)、禾本科(19.68％)和廖科(Polygonaceae,17.11％)最高.而在补播草地高原鼢鼠采食15科25属28种植物,主要采食蔷薇科(40.71％)、禾本科(25.32％)、廖科(11.70％)和莎草科(11.45％).草地补播影响了高原鼢鼠采食植物的比例,且食性的生态位宽度、食物的多样性指数和均匀度有所提高.综上所述,补播可以通过减少杂类草的比例来减少高原鼢鼠的食物来源,喜食植物的减少可能会增加高原鼢鼠的觅食时间从而增加高原鼢鼠的觅食代价.通过补播影响高原鼢鼠食性是其生态防控的一个有效途径.     

Growing Degree Day: Noninvasive Remotely Sensed Method to Monitor Diet Crude Protein in Free-Ranging Cattle

The daily nutritional balance of free-ranging cattle is the net result of intake from available forage biomass and nutritive value weighed against the nutritional requirements of the animal. Plant phenology influences nutritive value. Plant phenology is dictated by time of year and an accumulation of photosynthetically active days. Growing degree day (GDD) is a concept that quantifies this relationship and has been used to predict nutritive value in perennial range grasses. GDD could be substituted for chemical analysis to inform grazing animal nutritional monitoring efforts. We hypothesized that in C4 grass-dominated rangelands, a cumulative GDD calculation would correlate with diet crude protein (CP) predictions obtained by fecal near infrared spectroscopy (FNIRS) from free-ranging cattle. Therefore, the objectives of our research were to evaluate the effectiveness of GDD to predict FNIRS-derived determinations of grazing cattle diet CP in 1) two groups of three individual animals grazing a small native pasture and 2) large commercial-scale herds grazing expansive rangelands. For the first objective, cumulative GDD and FNIRS-predicted diet CP were strongly correlated (r² = 0.76; P < 0.01). Relationships between cumulative GDD and FNIRS-predicted diet CP for the second objective varied considerably among ranches, ranging from a low r² of 0.05 (P = 0.871) to a high r² of 0.78 (P < 0.049). Similar values for individual ranch/year combinations were stronger; ranging from a minimum r² of 0.44 (P = 0.556) to a maximum of 0.95 (P = 0.051). The aggregate relationship between GDD and FNIRS-predicted CP for all ranch/year combinations was highly significant (r² = 0.37; P < 0.001), but the standard error was 1.86% CP. The noninvasive remotely sensed grazing animal nutritional monitoring method described here was accurate enough to inform tactical rangeland diet quality assessments but was not accurate enough to inform operational-scale grazing management decisions.     

鲈鱼与养生

在广泛文献检索基础上,对鲈鱼的种属、营养成分、养生价值、代表性膳食及食用注意事项进行了概述,以期为全民养生保健提供科学资料。     

高铜日粮对肉鸡肝细胞线粒体呼吸功能的影响

采用玉米-豆粕型日粮研究铜(源于硫酸铜)对肉鸡肝细胞线粒体呼吸功能的影响.在对照组(Cu 11 mg/kg)基础上设3个高铜组(110 mg/kg、220 mg/kg和330 mg/kg,分别对应为:试验组Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ),试验60 d,在不同时间点(12、24、36、48、60日龄)采集肝脏提取线粒体.随着饲养时间的延长,对照组和试验I组肝脏线粒体呼吸功能有增强的趋势.在48日龄之前,试验Ⅱ和Ⅲ组肝脏线粒体呼吸功能也有增强的趋势,但幅度较小,48日龄以后,肝脏线粒体呼吸功能呈现下降趋势,特别是60日龄的试验Ⅲ组.高铜日粮能影响肉鸡肝细胞线粒体的呼吸功能,日粮铜浓度为110mg/kg时,能增强线粒体的呼吸功能,但较高的铜浓度日粮则损害线粒体的呼吸功能. 、220 mg/kg和330 mg/kg,分别对应为:试验组Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ),试验60 d,在不同时间点(12、24、36、48、60日龄)采集肝脏提取线粒体.随着饲养时间的延长,对照组和试验I组肝脏线粒体呼吸功能有增强的趋势.在48日龄之前,试验Ⅱ和Ⅲ组肝脏线粒体呼吸功能也有增强的趋势,但幅度较小,48日龄以后,肝脏线粒体呼吸功能呈现下降趋势,特别是60日龄的试验Ⅲ .高铜日粮能影响肉鸡肝细胞线粒体的呼吸功能,日粮铜浓度为110mg/kg时,能增强线粒体的呼吸功能     

BP和RBF神经网络预测射流式喷头射程对比

为了探究适合全射流喷头多因素下射程的预测模型,通过改变喷头工作压力、安装高度、喷嘴直径、喷头仰角共4个参数,对射程进行测量.基于BP神经网络和广义径向基(RBF)神经网络的基本原理和算法,建立了全射流喷头射程预测的BP和RBF神经网络模型,并分析BP和RBF神经网络的预测性能.结果表明射程与工作压力、喷嘴直径呈非线性关系;当喷头在1.2 m安装高度、27°仰角、4~10 mm喷嘴直径时,压力增大到0.4 MPa,射程趋于极限,并且安装高度与射程呈正相关关系.BP与RBF神经网络均能较好地表达全射流喷头射程与主控因素之间的非线性关系.在训练时间方面,RBF网络比BP网络慢8.05 s;预测过程中,BP网络在每次运行程序时的预测结果不一定相同,而RBF网络则不会出现此问题,且RBF网络预测值与实测值之间的平均绝对误差比BP网络的小3.55%.从网络预测总体效果观察,RBF神经网络预测喷头射程具有更好的推广能力.     

球形接头调角度应用于坡地喷灌

坡地喷灌中,由于喷洒图形的改变影响了喷洒均匀性,改变立管倾角和改变喷头仰角成为必要,利用球形接头可方便地实现角度调节.通过对10PXH喷头转动均匀性分析,坡地上射程分析以及坡地上径向水量分布试验,给出球形接头的调节范围,以及在不同地形坡度情况下,球形接头合适的调节角度,用于改善坡地喷灌的质量.     

秸秆颗粒饲料螺旋挤压加工性能的试验研究

利用单螺杆挤压机对农作物秸秆进行颗粒饲料的加工试验。通过单因素试验和通用旋转组合试验,找出各影响因素及其间的交互作用对性能指标的影响规律,建立数学模型,并对试验结果进行分析;对秸秆进行碱化处理再挤压成形,经分析测试,该方法可明显降低粗纤维含量,从而有利于动物消化率和采食率的提高。