小麦新品种咸麦519选育及配套高效栽培技术

阐述了小麦新品种咸麦519的选育背景和过程,并从农艺性状、抗病性、品质等方面总结了其品种特性。根据咸麦519特征特性及栽培试验研究结果,介绍了其配套高效栽培技术,包括整地、施肥、种子处理、播期播量、播种质量、灌溉、病虫害预防和收获等方面技术内容,以期为该品种在生产中的高效应用提供参考。     

壤质土叶面喷施不同养分对强筋小麦产量和蛋白质组分的影响

在壤质土条件下,不同养分叶面喷施对强筋小麦的株高、成穗数影响不显著;叶面喷洒0.1%MnSO4、0.05%(NH 4)2M oO2和0.3%KH 2PO4、2%CO(NH 2)2等能提高强筋小麦的千粒重和产量。喷洒2%CO(NH 2)2和0.1%M nSO4有利于蛋白质和蛋白组分的提高。     

有机磷农药与小麦酯酶作用关系研究

本研究以小麦为植物酯酶的酶源,α-乙酸萘酯为底物,考察了小麦酯酶与有机磷农药之间作用的关系,建立了10个以吸光值变化表示的酶活性与有机磷农药浓度对数之间的线性方程,并确定了函数的单调区间和极值。     

An isolate of Wheat streak mosaic virus from foxtail overcomes Wsm2 resistance in wheat

Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) is an economically important pathogen of wheat (Triticum aestivum) causing major yield losses in regions where severe infection occurs. To detect the presence of any new virus or new WSMV isolates, green foxtail (Setaria viridis) plants exhibiting virus-like symptoms were sampled in a summer-fallowed wheat field at the Agricultural Research Center-Hays, Kansas State University, Hays, Kansas. These plants were tested serologically for four wheat viruses: WSMV, Triticum mosaic virus (TriMV), High Plains wheat mosaic virus (HPWMoV) and Foxtail mosaic virus (FoMV). Among 38 plant samples exhibiting virus-like symptoms, 29 contained WSMV as indicated by ELISA. Four isolates from samples with relatively strong reactions were transferred to healthy wheat seedlings by mechanical inoculation in a growth chamber for pathogenicity testing. Three isolates were avirulent to a wheat variety RonL, which contains Wsm2, a gene providing temperature-sensitive resistance to currently prevalent isolates of WSMV. However, one isolate, KSH294, was able to infect RonL and showed more virulence on two other varieties/lines containing Wsm2. Further sequence and phylogenetic analysis of KSH294 confirmed that this isolate displays a sequence homology with WSMV, but has sequence differences making it distinct from previously identified WSMV isolates included in the phylogenetic analysis.     

填闲作物腐解过程及其对后茬冬小麦产量的影响

研究了渭北旱塬地区不同填闲作物（长武怀豆（S）、黑麦草（R）及两者1∶1混合（M））翻压和氮肥水平（0、60、120 kg N·hm^-2）双因素处理下,填闲作物的腐解规律、碳氮释放动态及对后茬冬小麦产量的影响,并对腐解速率与Olsen模型进行了拟合。结果表明：各填闲作物翻压后腐解规律及碳氮释放特征均表现为“前期快-中期慢-后期加快”,填闲作物腐解规律符合Olsen模型,在第276天各处理累积腐解率均达70%以上。在第0~35天,同一施氮处理下,累积腐解率和腐解速率均表现为S>M>R（P<0.05）;第35天,S、M和R各处理干物质累积腐解率分别达到61.9%、55.5%和47.5%;在0~35 d,施氮对S、M的腐解影响不显著,对R影响显著,35 d后氮肥效应逐渐减弱;填闲作物的腐解同时伴随其碳、氮的快速释放,在第21天,S、M和R碳氮残留率分别达到40%、50%和60%左右。平均来看,S的碳氮释放速率显著高于R,与M无显著差异。与裸地对照相比,翻压填闲作物能够显著提高后茬冬小麦产量,其籽粒产量增加10%~35% （P<0.05）,其中翻压长武怀豆低氮处理和混合翻压低氮处理效果最佳。     

信息熵综合评价方法在小麦品种区域试验中的应用

运用信息熵原理,建立了作物品种综合评价模型,提出了品种多目标综合评价方法,结合小麦品种区域试验,具体介绍了这种方法的应用.研究表明,信息熵综合评价方法对于客观综合评价品种,具有重要的参考价值.     

不同品质类型冬小麦籽粒产量和品质性状对氮肥的响应

为了研究不同品质类型冬小麦籽粒产量和品质性状对氮肥水平和追氮时期的响应,以两个强筋品种济南17和PH82-2-2以及两个筋力弱的品种PH97-4和PH97-5为材料进行了品种、施氮量、施氮时期三因素试验。结果表明,增施氮肥能显著提高小麦产量和氮收获量。起身期追肥比抽稳期追肥产量和氮收获量显著提高;不同品质类型的小麦蛋白质含量对施氮量和追氮时期反应不尽一致,蛋白质含量相对较低的两个品种济南17和PH97-4施氮处理间差异不显著,而蛋白质含量相对较高的品种PH82-2-2和PH97-5在高施氮量下抽穗期追肥蛋白质含量比起身期追肥提高0．6个百分点,差异达显著水平。不同品种的湿面筋含量、籽粒容重和硬度在不同施氮量下差异不显著。沉淀值、降落值对施氮处理不敏感;吸水率和面团稳定时间不同施氮量间差异不显著,抽穗期追肥吸水率提高0．7个百分点,但面团形成时间和稳定时间分别降低1．39min和0．61min;不同品种的粉质特性差异显著。运筹氮肥能改善小麦加工品质,但效果不明显。     

Optimization of Bread Preparation from Wheat Flour and Malted Rice Flour

The feasibility of partially replacing wheat flour with malted rice flour in bread making was evaluated in several formulations, aiming to find a formulation for the production of malted rice-wheat bread with better nutritional quality and consumer acceptance. The whole grains of a local rice variety (Oryza sativa L. subsp. indica var. Mottaikaruppan) were steeped in distilled water (12 h, 30°C) and germinated for 3 days to obtain high content of soluble materials and amylase activity in bread making. The quality of bread was evaluated by considering the physical and sensorial parameters. When the wheat flour was substituted with malted rice flour, 35% substitution level and the malted rice flour from 3 days of germination was the best according to the physical and sensory qualities of bread. The quality of bread was improved by the addition of 20 g of margarine, 20 g of baking powder and 20 g of yeast in 1 kg of flour. Among different ratios of yeast and baking powder, 2:1 was the best. Bread improver containing amylases and oxidizing agents at the concentration of 40 g/kg was selected as the best concentration. When comparing the final formulation made in the bakery with wheat bread, malted rice-wheat bread contains more soluble dietary fiber (0.62%), insoluble dietary fiber (3.95%), total dietary fiber (4.57%) and free amino acid content (0.64 g/kg) than those in wheat bread (0.5%, 2.73%, 3.23% and 0.36 g/kg, respectively).     

Effects of Irrigation and Straw Mulching on Microclimate Characteristics and Water Use Efficiency of Winter Wheat in North Chinas

Abstract

In North China, irrigation is required to obtain a high yield from winter wheat; this results in rapid aquifer depletion. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the influencing mechanisms of irrigation and straw mulching in preserving the soil moisture. Maize straw (3?5 cm) was mulched immediately after sowing winter wheat, and irrigation water was supplied at 60 mm, controlled by using a flow meter, during the jointing, heading, or milking stages of the crop. The results revealed that irrigation decreased the eddy thermal diffusivity, sensible heat flux, and soil heat flux, but increased the latent heat flux. In contrast, straw mulching enhanced the eddy thermal diffusivity and sensible heat flux, but decreased the latent heat flux. Straw mulching increased the soil temperature at 5 cm depth form January to February, but decreased the soil temperature before January and after February. There were no significant differences in the total evapotranspiration between mulched and non-mulched treatments, however, there was a statistically significant difference in the evapotranspiration among the different growing seasons. Straw mulching reduced the evapotranspiration from the seeding stage to the regrowing stage, and the evapotranspiration with mulching was less than that non-mulching 47.4 mm. Further, straw mulching significantly reduced the number of spikes in the crop. Both irrigation and straw mulching increased the number of kernels, but had no visible effects on the thousand kernel weight. These results indicate that straw mulching may decrease the yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of winter wheat in North China.     

西南地区普通小麦1BL/1RS易位系的DArT分子标记鉴定

为了准确了解小麦品系中1BL/1RS易位系的存在,利用7 000多个DArT分子标记(Diversityarrays technology,多样性微阵列技术)对87个普通小麦品系进行扫描,总共获得1 750个稳定的多样性的分子标记(P>80)。这些标记的多态性信息含量指数(PIC)的范围是0.03～0.5,平均值为0.35(P>80)。根据DArT标记的可整合性,利用1B染色体上的DArT数据进行主坐标分析(Principal-Coordinates Analysis,PCoA),可以把实验材料划分为两个群,并且确定一个群是由1BL/1RS易位系组成,另一个群由非1BL/1RS易位系组成。同时,利用非加权组平均法(Unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic means,UPGMA)进行聚类分析,调查了材料之间的遗传关系,结果显示,实验材料同样聚集为两个群,一个群由1BL/1RS易位系组成,包含两个亚群;另一个群由非易位系组成,包含六个亚群。研究证实,DArT标记不仅可以调查小麦全基因组的遗传多样性,而且利用它的可整合性能够准确鉴定研究材料中的1BL/1RS易位系。