钾肥对优质面包专用型小麦产量及品质的影响

本文研究了在江苏淮北地区不同钾肥用量对优质面包专用型小麦苏徐1号产量的影响,同时通过长期定位试验研究了增施钾肥对苏徐1号产量及品质的影响。钾肥用量试验结果表明,施用钾肥可增加产量8.3%～13 7%,适宜的钾肥用量为90～135kgK2O/hm2,最佳经济钾肥施用量为135.6kgK2O/hm2,其产量为5056.1kg/hm2,长期定位试验结果表明,施用钾肥可提高苏徐1号的商品品质,在长期不施有机肥(厩肥)的情况下,增施钾肥可改善面粉的加工品质,提高其评价值。     

The drought response of landraces of wheat from the northern Negev Desert in Israel

Summary Diverse landraces of wheat, collected from the semi-arid (150 to 250 mm of total annual rainfall) Northern Negev desert in Israel were considered as a potential genetic resource of drought resistance for wheat breeding. These materials were therefore evaluated for their reponses to drought stress in agronomical and physiological terms. Up to 68 landraces, comprising of Triticum durum, T. aestivum, and T. compactum were tested in two field drought environments, in one favourable field environment, under post-anthesis chemical plant desiccation which revealed the capacity for grain filling from mobilized stem reserves, under a controlled drought stress in a rainout shelter and in the growth chamber under polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced water stress. Biomass, grain yield and its components, harvest index, plant phenology, canopy temperatures, kernel weight loss by chemical plant desiccation, growth reduction by PEG-induced drought stress and osmotic adjustment were evaluated in the various experiments.Landraces varied significantly for all parameters of drought response as measured in the different experiments, which was in accordance to their documented large morphological diversity. Variation in grain yield among landraces under an increasing drought stress after tillering was largely affected by spike number per unit area. Kernel weight contributed very little to yield variation among landraces under stress, probably because these tall (average of 131 cm) landraces generally excelled in their capacity to support kernel growth by stem reserve mobilization under stress. Yield under stress was reduced with a longer growth duration of landraces only under early planting but not under late planting. Landraces were generally late flowering but they were still considered well adapted phenologically to their native region where they were always planted late.Landraces differed significantly in canopy temperature under drought stress. Canopy temperature under stress in the rainout shelter was negatively correlated across landraces with grain yield (r=0.67^**) and biomass (r=0.64^**) under stress. Canopy temperature under stress in the rainout shelter was also positively correlated across landraces (r=0.50^**) with canopy temperature in one stress field environment. Osmotic adjustment in PEG-stressed plants was negatively correlated (r=–0.60^**) with percent growth reduction by PEG-induced water stress. It was not correlated with yield under stress in any of the experiments. In terms of yield under stress, canopy temperatures and stem reserve utilization for grain filling, the most drought resistant landrace was the Juljuli population of T.durum.     

Heading date and resistance to septoria tritici blotch in wheat not genetically associated

Nineteen cultivars, with large differences in heading date, were evaluated for their response to septoria tritici blotch in two experimental setups in Njoro, Kenya. Due to the more or less constant temperatures during the growing season and the overhead irrigation applied the epidemic conditions were similar over the whole observation period for the early and late cultivars. In experiment 1 the cultivars were assessed for disease severity at the same moment irrespective of the developmental stage, while in experiment 2 the cultivars were assessed at the same developmental stage. Measured at the same time, the disease severity was highest in the early maturing cultivars and lowest in the late maturing cultivars (r = –0.78). When assessed at the same development stage the disease build up was independent of heading date (r = –0.10) but strongly dependent on resistance level. There were no indications that early heading cultivars were more susceptible than late heading cultivars. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

黄淮麦区若干高产小麦品种穗光合性能及产量性状的研究

为了解黄淮麦区几种高产小麦品种穗光合特性及产量性状,为筛选高光合育种亲本提供依据,以矮抗58、百农418、百农419、豫麦49和周麦18为试材,研究了其穗部光合速率、叶绿素含量、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、颖壳横切面结构及产量性状变化规律。结果表明,百农419穗部表现出较强的光合特性。在开花期、花后7 d及花后15 d其光合速率分别比矮抗58高14.12%,42.86%,6.11%,比百农418高2.69%,4.65%,4.50%,比豫麦49高11.45%,12.08%,16.24%,比周麦18高22.92%,6.35%,10.64%;其颖壳叶绿素a含量和总叶绿素含量较高,Chla/Chlb分别比矮抗58高22.47%,20.04%,0.41%,比百农418高5.72%,18.63%,3.21%,比豫麦49高6.14%,25.68%,0.56%,比周麦18高12.35%,21.26%,2.49%,具有较强的光能捕获能力;Fv/Fm在4个测定时期均最高;此外,百农419颖壳细胞组织较厚,维管束数目较多,大维管束的周长与面积较大,具有较强的"流"能力。产量结果显示,百农419的理论产量和实际产量分别高出矮抗58 25.22%和14.05%、高出百农418 17.15%和10.82%、高出豫麦49 23.74%和19.28%、高出周麦18 8.55%和8.57%,差异显著。综合试验结果认为,百农419穗部光合能力较强,产量较高,具有作为绿穗灌浆高光效育种亲本的潜力。     

水肥耦合对黄河三角洲盐碱地小麦根系形态和分布的影响

[目的]为了探索黄河三角洲轻度和中度盐碱地小麦根系分布情况,分析水肥耦合对小麦的根系分布的影响。[方法] 设置不灌水,灌底墒水,灌底墒水和拔节水,灌底墒水、拔节水和灌浆水4种灌水方式;不施肥,施有机肥,施有机肥与无机复合肥和施无机复合肥4种施肥方式,探索不同水肥耦合条件下黄河三角洲盐碱地小麦根系形态和分布情况。[结果]结果显示,盐碱地小麦根系主要集中在0-30cm土层,且随着土层的加深逐渐减少。在本文中,各根系形态指标之间表现为极显著的正相关关系。灌水次数和施肥种类对小麦根系的生长发育有重要影响,灌2次水,施无机复合肥处理的小麦根系活力最高,根系形态最好。[结论]因此,在黄河三角洲轻度和中度盐碱地,小麦根系分布主要集中于前30 cm,拔节水和无机复合肥有利于促进小麦根系发育,可获得较好的根系形态结构。     

挖土受损农田对冬小麦植株性状及生理参数的影响

研究了农田挖土1 m深后不同时段对冬小麦植株性状(地上部分生物量、子粒的各项指标、叶面积)以及生理特性的影响。结果表明:植株地上部生物量挖土后10年、6年与未挖土样地在抽穗后期大于抽穗前期,而挖土1年、3年后的样地则是抽穗前期大于抽穗后期;穗部性状(子粒干、鲜重、鲜样子粒体积)以及叶面积指数的变化趋势一致,且未挖土>挖土后10年>挖土后6年>挖土后3年>挖土后1年;灌浆后20天之内,灌浆速率的变化趋势为挖土后1年>挖土后3年>未挖土>挖土后10年>挖土后6年,之后则表现为未挖土>挖土后10年>挖土后6年>挖土后3年>挖土后1年。同时未挖土的光合速率大于挖土。研究结果显示,开挖农田严重影响了小麦植株的营养吸收量和干物质的累积量,限制了小麦同化物的合成能力,受损农田生产力的修复过程需要10年以上甚至更长的一段时间。     

小麦粘类CMS育性恢复基因的SSR分子标记与定位

利用SSR技术,对小麦粘类CMS（细胞质雄性不育）的1对近等基因系（NILs）和回交群体（BC₁'）进行分析,筛选与粘类CMS育性恢复基因相连锁的分子标记并进行恢复基因定位,以进一步探讨小麦粘类CMS育性恢复的遗传机理。结果表明：在18对位于1BS上的SSR引物中,有6对引物在近等基因系间扩增出了稳定的多态性差异;经分离群体验证表明,恢复基因与4对SSR引物的扩增位点Xwmc406、Xbarc8、Xwmc611和Xgwm273有连锁关系,遗传距离分别为2.7、2.8、21.4和26.2cM,这些标记可稳定应用于小麦粘类CMS育性恢复基因的辅助选择;研究还表明,小麦粘类雄性不育系的育性恢复主要受1BS上的1对主效恢复基因及一些微效基因共同控制;本研究标记出的恢复基因应为Rfv1;上述4个标记与该主效恢复基因Rfv1之间的位置顺序依次为Xwmc406、Rfv1、Xbarc8、Xwmc611、Xgwm273。     

小麦产量构成因素的双列杂交分析

利用千粒重和每穗粒数有一定差异的7个冬小麦品种为亲本,按Griffing双列杂交法Ⅱ配制21个杂交组合,研究了小麦2个产量构成因素——千粒重和每穗粒数的遗传。结果表明,扬麦11千粒重和宁麦9号每穗粒数的一般配合力最好,且宁麦9号具有控制每穗粒数较多的显性基因。千粒重的遗传符合加性-显性-上位性模型。每穗粒数的遗传符合加...     

平衡营养液对冬小麦幼苗生理生化特性的影响

用稀释50,100,150和200倍平衡营养液（GPNS）培养冬小麦。结果表明：GPNS稀释倍数为50,100倍时抑制小麦生长,而为150,200倍时则促进小麦生长,并能增加萌发的小麦胚乳内α－淀粉酶的活性。麦苗片叶绿素含量增加,叶片可溶性蛋白含量提高,根系活力提高,叶片在低温、干旱逆境条件下电解质外渗率下降,从而提高膜的稳定性,保证了细胞正常的生理功能。     

提高小麦幼胚组织培养效果的初步研究

研究结果表明，幼胚接种前低温(-4℃)处理2d可显著提高分化频率。幼胚组培的最佳培养基是MS培养基。不同材料的幼胚外植体对软X射线有不同的辐射敏感性，较适宜的照射剂量为1kRad。