Non-invasive assessment of glossiness and polishing of the wax bloom of European plum

A number of fruit including plums develop a pronounced conspicuous layer of epicuticular wax responsible for their attractive visual appearance. During harvest, packaging and transport, this protective layer may be damaged or removed. The resulting appearance generates the impression of poor fruit quality. The aim of this research was to analyse and compare the influence of this wax bloom on storability using a new non-invasive technology and three modifications of the fruit surface. Weight loss was recorded of plums with the natural wax layer, polished by hand or wax removed chemically and stored at 20 °C room temperature or in a refrigerator at 5 °C. With 9.2 mg epicuticular wax/fruit or 302 μg/cm² surface, European plums were classified as highly waxy, which contributed to for their conspicuous wax bloom. The disappearance of the wax bloom viz. increase in glossiness, measured non-destructively with a special sensor, was associated with a doubling of luster levels from 150–250 arbitrary units (a.u.) to 300–600 a.u. after polishing, simulating postharvest handling. Luster levels decreased with time with the polished surface, but not with the natural wax layer, confirming the concomitant greatest weight loss during the 20 days storage of polished fruit. Weight loss was lowest in plums with the natural wax layer, refrigerated at 5 °C, while those stored at 20 °C lost more weight irrespective of surface treatment. This case study explains the relatively short shelf-life and effects of water loss of the plums under different temperatures and surface conditions with wax, polish and chemically treated. This affordable compact light-weight sensor technology offers the opportunity to detect the degree of glossiness and may be used for sorting a number of affected fruit.     

商业广告的语用对等翻译研究 *

商业广告的普遍特征是其极力说服读者的语用意义。目前商业广告翻译中存在对广告语用含义的忽视。广告的翻译策略实质上对原文语用意义的正确理解和在目标语中的正确再现。     

蒜薹形态特征对其耐藏性的影响

通过石蜡切片、电子显微镜对不同产地的蒜薹结构进行了研究。不同产地蒜薹表面纹饰不同，但是，基本上都为球形排列成的较平行的条状，气孔排列走向与纹饰的走向相同。耐 CO_2和贮藏中不易老化、耐藏性强的广饶薹有小的珠 /蒜比和大的气孔开度，气孔中无阻塞物，紧实的组织结构。莒县薹耐藏性差与气孔被大量物质堵塞易造成组织内气体伤害以及周缘维管束和中央维管束发达有关。     

镁和微量矿质元素对黑皮冬瓜外观和品质的影响

为探索提高黑皮冬瓜品质的施肥途径,通过补充镁、铁、锌、硼等中微量营养元素,研究中微量营养对冬瓜外观和内在品质的影响。试验结果表明,补充镁营养显著改善了冬瓜果形、提高果肉硬度、提高糖酸比23.4%;显著增加了冬瓜果肉钾、磷、钙和镁含量,对Vc含量和游离氨基酸含量的影响不显著。微量元素对冬瓜果型和硬度的影响较小,平均提高糖酸比22.4%;锌、铁、硼则显著提高了果肉Vc含量,而补充铜、钼养分降低了果肉游离氨基酸含量。     

不同冬瓜品种露地爬地栽培试验初报

为筛选出适应黄冈市城郊蔬菜基地露地爬地栽培的高产优质冬瓜品种,将从地方收集的4个冬瓜农家种与对照品种粉杂冬瓜09-3进行比较试验,通过综合比较各品种的植物学性状、果实性状、产量及抗病性,结果表明:DG03、DG02长势旺盛,综合性状表现优异,分别比对照品种增产45.4%、27.3%,可作为露地爬地栽培选择对象。     

Visitors’ heterogeneous preferences for urban park management: The case of a city park in Oulu,Finland

Utilizing survey data collected using a combined travel cost – conditional behavior method, the aim of this study was to analyze the heterogeneity of preferences among the residents of a city in Finland for the services of an urban park and its stream network. More specifically, by analyzing different behavioral responses to potential changes in ecological, cultural, and commercial services, we identified different groups of visitors to the park with a latent class model. A notable result regarding the demand for services in different classes was that low-income people valued the park more than high-income respondents, making improvements in the park’s recreational potential a successful social project. We found two latent classes, the main distinguishing factor of which was the preferences associated with increasing the number of events in the park. Adding events did not increase the benefits for the first class, but for the second class it did. In relation to class membership, if visitors usually visited the park alone or if they walked or cycled to the park, this increased the likelihood of belonging to a particular visitor group. In addition, we assessed how a possible increase in services affected the recreational value of the urban park for the city’s residents. We found that both the total and net value for different urban groups depended on three factors, i.e., the number of visits, the recreational value of a visit, and the proportion of people in each visitor group. We also used the results of the study to assess the profitability of a construction and management project in the park and found that the project was socially very profitable. Although our study examined a specific park in Finland, its results could also potentially be used when planning the management of other urban parks.     

不同品种茶花在干旱胁迫下叶 片气孔和蜡质的差异化表现

摘要：以茶花品种?十八学士''和?情人节''为研究对象，在塑料大棚室温15～25℃下，采用盆栽控水法进行干旱胁迫，利用扫描电子显微镜观测叶片的表皮结构。研究不同品种在干旱胁迫下，叶片表皮结构的差异对抗旱性的影响，为茶花的栽植管护推广和造景应用提供基础性的理论依据。 结果表明，茶花叶片仅有下表皮具有气孔，上、下表皮都有不同程度量的蜡质附着物。随干旱胁迫程度的加重，气孔开合及蜡质积累出现差异性变化。抗旱性较差的品种，主要通过利用蜡质的合成、堆积来堵塞气孔，降低蒸腾作用。抗旱性较强的品种，气孔的保卫细胞在干旱早期就启动闭合响应机制，叶片上表面的蜡质堆积程度更强，能更好的保护叶片免受光照和有害物质的伤害，说明叶片表皮结构对于茶花抗旱性强弱的决定作用较大。     

有机物料长期施用对稻田土壤养分的影响

通过2010—2021年连续12年的长期定位试验，研究了紫云英、水稻秸秆、商品有机肥等有机物料还田施用对稻田土壤养分的影响。结果表明：施用有机物料可以有效提高稻田土壤氮磷钾和有机质等含量。与单施化肥处理相比，紫云英还田土壤碱解氮含量增加6.97%，商品有机肥配施土壤有效磷含量增加49.30%，水稻秸秆还田土壤速效钾含量增加49.32%。3种有机物料处理土壤有机质增加相近(6.0%～7.5%)，可以改善土壤酸性但差异不显著。不同有机物料对土壤基础养分的增加差异显著，紫云英还田土壤固氮能力最强，商品有机肥配施土壤磷素增加最明显，秸秆还田土壤钾素提高最显著。可见，有机物料长期还田施用是一种培肥土壤的有效措施，有助于稻田土壤的可持续利用。     

减氮配施中微量元素肥对冬瓜产量和品质的影响

以铁柱冬瓜为试验材料，采用随机区组田间小区试验，设置CK(不施氮肥)、T1(习惯施肥)、T2(习惯施肥基础上减氮30%)、T3(减氮30%+配施硼钼肥)、T4(减氮30%+配施钙镁肥)和T5(减氮30%+配施钙镁硼钼肥)6种处理，在广东佛山市三水区连续开展两年田间试验，旨在探究减氮配施中微量元素肥对冬瓜产量及品质的影响。结果表明，与T1相比，T2的冬瓜产量下降了8.76%，但未达到显著水平；与T2相比，T4和T5处理显著增加冬瓜产量，分别提高了21.3%和32.2%，且T5处理下的冬瓜产量超过了T1；品质结果显示，T5处理提高了50.0%的VC含量，且与T1相比降低了34.2%亚硝酸盐含量；减施30%氮肥基础上配施钙镁肥的土壤pH显著提高，配施硼钼肥的土壤B含量得到显著提高，配施中微量肥处理的冬瓜植株中Ca和Mo含量较T2均有所提高。综上所述，在华南热带地区冬瓜种植过程中，减氮配施中微肥可保证冬瓜品质和产量，其中中微量肥配施处理的效果最好。上述结果为广东地区露地蔬菜化肥氮的科学减施提供了科学依据。     

玉米ZmFAR1基因的克隆与表达分析

FARs为脂酰辅酶A还原酶，在植物生长发育和抵御非生物胁迫过程中起着重要作用。为进一步研究FARs在玉米中行使的生物学功能，在玉米中克隆1个脂酰辅酶A还原酶1基因(ZmFAR1)，该基因全长1 883 bp，开放阅读框长1 491 bp，编码496个氨基酸，分子量为55.983 k Da。生物信息学分析表明，ZmFAR1蛋白的分子式为C₂₅₂₂H₄₀₁₀N₆₉₀O₇₀₁S₂₄，为稳定的碱性亲水蛋白，存在59个磷酸化位点，未发现信号肽，存在跨膜结构域，最大可能定位于细胞质。氨基酸残基组成中主要以α螺旋和无规则卷曲为主。系统进化树分析表明，ZmFAR1蛋白与南荻和高粱的FAR蛋白相似度最高。利用实时荧光定量PCR技术对ZmFAR1在模拟盐、干旱两种非生物胁迫条件下对根、茎、叶3种组织的表达模式进行研究，结果表明，ZmFAR1呈现组织特异性表达，在叶中的表达量最高。盐和干旱处理下，ZmFAR1的表达量出现明显变化，推测ZmFAR1可能在不同程度参与了玉米对非生物胁迫的应答。