内生菌-植物联合修复污染土壤研究进展

环境污染对生态系统及人类健康造成严重威胁。近年来,许多学者研究发现内生菌联合植物修复体系对修复自然环境中的重金属和有机物具有巨大的潜力。本文主要从内生菌联合植物进行污染修复的机理和应用两方面入手,介绍了内生菌接种宿主植物根、茎、叶部的几种方法及定殖的检测方法,总结了污染土壤中内生菌在植物组织内的定殖动态,以及内生菌-植物联合体系强化有机物污染和重金属污染修复效果的应用,并从内生菌调节生长因子、生物固氮和溶磷、在宿主植物体内的共代谢有机物、产生特异性酶降解有机物、提升植物对重金属抗性和降低重金属毒性几个方面解释了内生菌和植物的联合修复机理。最后指出,虽然已经有许多对于内生菌联合植物修复体系的研究,但是目前两者相互作用机理尚未完全清楚,对于多种内生菌组合体系以及处理水体和大气污染的研究并不完善,这些都将成为今后的研究重点。     

棘孢木霉M45a的定殖能力及其对水稻促生作用研究

为研究棘孢木霉M45a在水稻体内的定殖规律及促生作用,利用其绿色荧光标记菌株M45a-GFP实时动态观测标记菌的定殖情况,并探究其对大田水稻的促生作用.结果 表明,M45a浸种处理对水稻苗期促生效果最好,其标记菌株M45a-GFP能有效定殖于水稻根系组织.大田促生试验表明,与清水对照相比,M45a浸种处理的水稻在生长50 d时其株高、地上部干重、根际土壤总氮和硝态氮含量显著增加,分别为8.1％、10.0％、14.92％和22.34％.因此,棘孢木霉M45a具有很好的开发潜力,为木霉菌肥部分替代化肥提供了一定的理论基础.     

烟草根际细菌铜绿假单胞菌swu31-2的定殖能力及其对烟草青枯病的防治作用

从重庆黔江烟草田间分离获得一株烟草青枯菌拮抗菌株Pseudomonas aeruginosa swu31 2（简称swu31 2）。采用逐步提高药物浓度的方法,筛选获得了抗链霉素300 μg/mL对烟草青枯病菌拮抗活性稳定的swu31 2突变菌株。采用灌根接种法,研究其在烟草根、茎和叶表面及内部的定殖能力及其对烟草青枯病的防治作用。结果表明,swu31 2能在烟草各组织的表面及内部定殖。该菌株在烟草各组织内部的数量均表现为“由增到减”的趋势。在接种后第8天定殖数量达到最高峰,随后有所下降;到第20天各组织内的数量仍然维持较高水平（105 cfu/g 以上）。同时,在接种20 d后,烟草的根、茎和叶的表面仍然可以检测到swu31 2的存在。盆栽试验结果表明,swu31 2的菌液和活性物质对烟草青枯病均有一定的防治效果。其中先施swu31 2菌液和活性物质粗提物的防效好于农用链霉素（51.25%）,分别为60.87%和 60.32%,而后施菌液和活性物质粗提物的防效也分别达39.50%和20.90%。     

甜菜褐斑病内生拮抗菌的筛选、鉴定及其防效测定

 Three hundred and one endophytic bacteria strains were isolated from healthy sugar beet plants in severely diseased plots in Changji County,Xinjiang Province.Three endophytic bacteria strains,1-5,4-1 and 4-3,showed relatively strong antagonistic against Cercospora beticola.Strain 1-5 was identified as Paenibacillus polymyxa,while strains 4-1 and 4-3 were as Bacillus flexus and Stenotrophomonas sp. by their morphological,physiological and biochemical characteristics.The results from several experiment trials showed that the endophytic bacteria could reduce the disease incidence of sugar beet.The control efficiency reached from 67.6% to 80.2%, indicating that biocontrol with endophytic bacteria was an alternative and potential method to control sugar beet fungi disease.     

普洱茶中真菌种群的分离与分子鉴定

采用平板稀释法以孟加拉红(DRBC)和18%的甘油琼脂(DG18)两种培养基对60个普洱茶样品中的真菌种群进行了分离,种群分离结果显示:样品中真菌种群数量变化值范围为1.6×103～1.16×105cfu/g;应用分子生物学的手段,对分离到的71株真菌做了分子鉴定,鉴定结果表明:这些真菌分别属于19个属,40个种,主要是曲霉属13种,青霉属7种,其他属20种。数量上占优势的真菌种群是酵母和曲霉属的不同种。这些真菌的安全性有待进一步评估。     

Quantitative resistance to symptomless growth of Leptosphaeria maculans (phoma stem canker) in Brassica napus (oilseed rape)

Quantitative resistance to Leptosphaeria maculans in Brassica napus was investigated in field and controlled environments using cultivars Darmor (with quantitative resistance) and Eurol (without quantitative resistance). In field experiments, numbers of phoma leaf spot lesions in autumn/winter and severity of stem canker the following summer were assessed in three growing seasons. There were no differences between Darmor and Eurol in number of leaf lesions in autumn/winter. However, stem cankers were less severe on Darmor than Eurol at harvest the following summer. In controlled-environment experiments, development of leaf lesions at different temperatures (5–25°C) and wetness durations (12–72 h) was investigated using ascospore inoculum; symptomless growth of L. maculans along leaf petioles towards the stem was quantified using quantitative PCR and visualized using GFP-expressing L. maculans ; growth of L. maculans within stem tissues was investigated using GFP-expressing L. maculans . There were more leaf lesions on Darmor than Eurol, although there was no difference between Darmor and Eurol in L. maculans incubation period. There were no differences between Darmor and Eurol in either distance grown by L. maculans along leaf petioles towards the stem or quantity of L. maculans DNA in leaf petioles, but L. maculans colonized stem tissues less extensively on Darmor than Eurol. It was concluded that quantitative resistance to L. maculans operates during colonization of B. napus stems by the pathogen.     

哈茨木霉在水稻体内的定殖及其对水稻纹枯病抗性的影响

以具有抗腈菌唑标记哈茨木霉TUV-13菌株的分生孢子悬浮液对水稻种子分别进行浸种、蘸根、叶面接种,栽培至2叶1芯期,从秧苗各组织分离回收菌株TUV-13。对经菌液处理的秧苗进行显微及超微观察结果表明,浸种处理能使TUV-13菌株在水稻秧苗的根、茎、叶中稳定定殖;而蘸根处理、叶面接种,TUV-13菌株只能在处理的局部区域定殖。TUV-13菌株定殖后,水稻秧苗与抗病相关的酶活性显著提高,对水稻纹枯病防效达82.9%。     

Correlation between specific fine root length and mycorrhizal colonization of maize in different soil types

A pot experiment was conducted in a glass-house to investigate the correlation between specific fine root length (SFRL) and root colonization (RC) of maize inoculated with six arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in three soil types. The results showed that six AMF associated with maize presented different abilities in RC and effects on SFRL. In addition, there was a significant correlation between SFRL and RC of arbuscular mycorrhizal maize in Beijing soil (Cinnamon soil), but no significant correlation in Hubei soil (Brunisolic soil) and Guangdong soil (Red soil). It is concluded that mycorrhizal colonization decreased the SFRL of maize, and the correlation between SFRL and RC of mycorrhizal maize depended on soil type.     

导入额外拷贝nifA基因对费氏中华根瘤菌HN0 1NL根圈定殖与竞争结瘤的影响

本文研究了导入额外拷贝的肺炎克氏杆菌 (Klebsiellapneumoniae)nifA基因对受体费氏中华根瘤菌 (Sinorhizobiumfredii)HN0 1在大豆根圈的定殖和竞争结瘤的影响。将HN0 1分别与带有标记基因luxAB的参照菌株HN0 1L和带有nifA基因和标记基因luxAB的重组菌株HN0 1NL按照 1∶1等量比例接种于大豆黑龙 3 3种子表面 ,在灭菌土和非灭菌土中研究其定殖动态。每一供试菌株在根圈中的比例依次于播种后第 3天、第 7天、第 1 0天、第 1 2天、第 1 4天、第 1 6天、第 2 1天和第 3 6天进行测定 ,占瘤率在播种后第 4 0天进行比较测定。盆栽实验结果表明 :导入了额外拷贝nifA基因的重组菌HN0 1NL与受体菌HN0 1和参照菌HN0 1L相比较 ,在灭菌土和非灭菌土中均表现出显著增强的大豆根圈适应性和竞争能力     

喷雾压力、药液流量和工作风速对生防微生物在不同作物上定殖的影响

研究了施药机具喷雾压力、药液流量和工作风速对几种生防微生物在不同作物叶片上定殖的影响.试验结果表明:担架式机动喷雾机、机动弥雾喷粉机和背负式机动喷雾器对几种生防微生物(枯草芽孢杆菌、苏云金芽孢杆菌、白僵菌和生物除草剂真菌SF-193)的活性均无不利影响.其中担架式机动喷雾机工作压力超过2.5 MPa以上有利于枯草芽孢杆菌和苏云金芽孢杆菌菌落的定殖;机动弥雾喷粉机同一风速档、不同流量档的处理中,流量档4档(2.00 L/m)有利于枯草芽孢杆菌和苏云金芽孢杆菌菌落的定殖.枯草芽孢杆菌在水稻叶片上定殖数量与水稻纹枯病的防效呈正相关的关系.风速档的改变对白僵菌菌落定殖和生防真菌SF-193对空心莲子草的防治效果没有影响.