中国主要海洋底层鱼类生物学研究的回顾与展望

回顾了中国海洋主要底层经济鱼类资源生物学的研究历史和科研成果,并重点叙述了带鱼、小黄鱼、大黄鱼和绿鳍马面鲀等重要经济鱼类资源生物学研究概况.概述的内容包括地理种群及其产卵群体的鉴别和划分、生活史型的演变、种群和群体结构、种群数量变动、年龄组成和生长特性、摄食习性、性成熟周期、性腺成熟指数(GSI)、产卵群体生殖力、产卵场、索饵场、越冬场及洄游路线、资源量和渔获量、各种作业渔船的调整及其捕捞力量的限制措施等,并展望了中国海洋底层经济鱼类资源生物学研究的前景.     

三峡水库试验性蓄水后小江沿岸水质研究

根据2010年3月－12月对三峡水库小江沿岸水体的水质监测数据,分析总氮、总磷、化学需氧量和叶绿素a等水质因子的时空变化规律,以及叶绿素a与水质因子之间的相互关系,评价水体富营养化水平。结果表明：总氮、总磷、化学需氧量和叶绿素 a含量分别为1.980±0.119mg/L、0.114±0.018mg/L、9.520±1.748 mg/L和23.342±8.810 mg/L,小江沿岸水体呈现中度富营养化水平。叶绿素a与水质因子间的相关关系分析发现,叶绿素a含量与温度、pH、溶解氧、亚硝酸氮和化学需氧量显著相关,与总氮、总磷不具有显著相关性。这说明小江沿岸水体叶绿素a含量与总营养盐无关,而主要与水体所含的有机质含量有关。     

广东沿岸牡蛎体Cd含量及时空分布特点

根据 198 9～ 1997年广东沿岸 12个采样点近江牡蛎 (CrassostrearivularisGould)体Cd的测定数据和有关历史资料 ,分析了广东沿岸牡蛎体Cd含量与时空分布特点。所有牡蛎体样品均检出Cd ,含量为( 0 .0 8～ 7.81)× 10 - 6,总平均值为 1.92× 10 - 6。粤东与粤西沿岸除个别样品外 ,绝大部分Cd含量均远低于评价标准 ,而珠江口沿岸样品的超标率则达到 2 5%。牡蛎体Cd含量的空间分布呈珠江口 >粤西 >粤东。1989～ 1997年 ,牡蛎体Cd含量的年际变化呈双峰分布 ,次高值和最高值分别出现在 1992年和 1995年 ,其余年份虽有波动 ,但无显著差异。     

鲁北蔬菜生产发展中存在的问题及对策

鲁北是国内蔬菜生产和批发的重要集散地,随着人们对蔬菜品种和质量要求的提高,无公害蔬菜生产、农产品质量安全检测成为当地政府和农技推广部门的主要任务之一,现阐述当前蔬菜生产中存在的问题及面临的任务,并提出了相应的对策措施和建议。     

寒地梨种质资源表型多样性研究

对寒地梨种质资源表型性状的Simpson和Shannon多样性指数、标准差、变异系数和聚类分析等研究表明幼叶颜色、叶面状态、果实形状、抗寒性、抗梨黑星病、单果质量、可溶性固形物等性状多样性指数较高,变异度大,可为梨育种提供良好变异的群体;尤其是保存了多份极抗寒资源,抗寒性中等资源较少,无抗寒性弱和极弱的资源;果实形状多样性较高,而且性状间分布也较为均匀,可溶性固形物变异系数较大;大果型、抗梨黑星病类型资源分布较少,尚需收集、增加果个大、高抗病资源。     

武汉市江夏区苗木产业现状及发展探讨

花卉苗木是颇具前途的朝阳产业,武汉市江夏区发展花卉苗木产业具有得天独厚的自然资源优势和气候资源优势。通过分析这一地区花卉产业发展现状、问题和潜力,对武汉地区发展花卉苗木产业的对策与措施进行探讨。     

山葡萄‘双红’、‘双优’在戈壁滩上栽培的表现

报道我国西部栽培的‘双红’和‘双优’两个山葡萄品种不埋土能正常越冬,调查、测定和分析这两个山葡萄品种在冬季寒冷、冬春又极干旱的西部戈壁滩上栽培的生产表现。两个山葡萄品种根系耐低温能力比欧亚种酿酒葡萄品种强,枝条保水能力更强,因此,在干旱荒漠的戈壁石砾地上不埋土能安全越冬和抗御春日多风和干旱。一年生枝条长势好,花芽能正常形成,但在开花季节花序干枯和脱落现象严重。‘双红’、‘双优’山葡萄表现生产性能差、果穗少、果穗小、穗重轻、果粒小,故产量低,仅为原产地的1／3,但其品质好,可溶性固形物高出3．9～4．6个百分点。为使‘双红’、‘双优’在河西戈壁滩上栽培,既不埋土又有较高的产量,提出一些解决措施。     

Effects of Exogenous Materials on Nitrogen Photosynthetic Efficiency and Yield Formation of japonica Rice in Cold Region Under Cold Water Stress at Booting Stage

【Objective】Our goal is to develop disaster-reducing, production-preserving and chemical-controlling cultivation techniques to effectively resist cold damage at the booting stage of japonica rice in cold region.【Method】The split plot design and the central combination test design were used to screen out the optimal application concentrations of CaCl2, glutamic acid(Glu), and γ-aminobutyric acid(GABA) through the membership function values of yield-related indicators under cold-water stress at booting stage.【Result】1) Under cold water stress at the booting stage, the optimal concentrations of exogenous CaCl2, Glu and GABA (CGG) were 1.87 mmol/L, 2.76 mg/L, 4.40 mmol/L, respectively and the average membership function value is the largest (0.932). 2) Compared with normal irrigation, the nitrogen photosynthetic efficiency of cold-region japonica rice decreased under cold stress at the booting stage. Compared with cold water stress at the booting stage, CGG application at the optimal concentration significantly increased the leaf area index (5.37%) and nitrogen photosynthetic efficiency (4.53%) of Dongnong 428 at the full heading stage; significantly increased leaf biomass per leaf area (2.56%) and leaf area index (3.39%) of Songjing 10 at the full heading stage. 3) Compared with cold water stress at the booting stage, the application of the optimal concentration of CGG increased the dry matter accumulation from heading stage to maturity in the cold-region japonica rice, but it was still lower than that of the normal irrigation, and there were differences between varieties and treatments. 4) Compared with cold water stress at booting stage, the yield and yield components of cold-region japonica rice increased with the application of the optimal concentration CGG, and the impact on cold-sensitive varieties was more significant. 5) Compared with the cold water stress at the booting stage, the average increase in temperature production efficiency of Dongnong 428 and Songjing 10 was 5.55% and 23.72% under the optimal concentrations of CGG, respectively. The contribution rate of exogenous CGG to the gap of temperature production efficiency is 8.99%.【Conclusion】The application of the optimal concentration of CGG under cold water stress at the booting stage promoted leaf growth of cold-region japonica rice at the full heading stage and increased the population nitrogen photosynthetic efficiency, which was beneficial to dry matter accumulation and yield formation after heading stage, thereby reducing the loss of cold-region japonica rice under cold water stress at booting stage and improving the temperature production efficiency of cold-region japonica rice.     

基于盐胁迫的小麦农艺性状多样性分析及评价

为筛选耐盐性优良的小麦资源,在0、0.3%和0.5%NaCl处理下,对黄淮麦区的132个小麦品种的8个数量性状进行了遗传多样性、相关性、主成分分析和耐盐性评价。结果表明,供试材料具有丰富的遗传多样性,且随盐浓度的升高,被测指标的变异系数和遗传多样性指数逐渐增大,其中单株成穗数、穗下茎节长和单株产量的变异系数均大于10%;除株高外,其他性状的遗传多样性指数均大于2。相关分析表明,在高盐(0.5%NaCl)胁迫下,株高与单株产量极显著正相关,而在低盐(0.3%NaCl)胁迫下则相关不显著;在低盐胁迫下,千粒重与单株产量极显著正相关,而在高盐胁迫下相关性不显著。主成分分析表明,在低盐、高盐胁迫下,前4个主成分累计贡献率达到82.677%、88.897%。以综合耐盐指数为依据,发现河北省的衡4399、石麦15,山东省的青麦6号、青丰1号、青农2号和烟农5286,河南省的洛旱6号、郑麦366、周麦22号、周麦23号和周麦28号共11个品种在两种盐分条件下均表现为耐盐性强。结合田间群体表现和产量,认为周麦22号、洛旱6号、郑366、青农2号、烟5286和衡4399为高产耐盐小麦种质资源,可在耐盐育种工作中加以利用。     

南疆棉区棉花利用氟节胺打顶技术试验

为探讨南疆棉区棉花化学打项技术,以减轻棉花栽培的劳动强度,作者于2013年在新疆生产建设兵团第三师农业科学研究所试验基地,利用烟草抑芽剂氟节胺进行棉花化学打顶试验。结果表明：施用氟节胺处理与对照相比,在一定程度上可有效控制棉株的生长;其产量略低于对照,株高高于对照,果枝层数增加,但空果枝数、脱落数增多;绒长变短,不孕籽率增多,单铃重量轻。