Fishermen's perception on the sustainability of small‐scale fisheries and dolphin–fisheries interactions in two increasingly fragile coastal ecosystems in western Greece

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Using fishers’ ecological knowledge to assess the status and cultural importance of sawfish in Guinea‐Bissau

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Changes in habitat use patterns by bottlenose dolphins over a 10‐year period render static management boundaries ineffective

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Fisheries management scenarios: trade‐offs between economic and biological objectives

An age‐structured, population biology submodel and an economic submodel with vessel‐specific dynamics were applied to a demersal fishery in the North Aegean (NE Mediterranean) that consists of three main stocks: European hake Merluccius merluccius (L.), red mullet Mullus barbatus L. and striped red mullet Mullus surmuletus L. The Mefisto model is a bioeconomic simulation model through which the biological and economic submodels (disaggregated at the vessel level) are linked by means of a fishing mortality vector. Alternative management scenarios were built and tested based on input controls, and the performance of these strategies was examined against those of current policies. Three alternative management strategies were as follows: (1) reducing the coastal fisheries' fleet units; (2) limiting the effort level (days at sea) of the trawl fleets; and (3) changing the selectivity patterns of the trawl by increasing mesh size. The results show that for all three species, any of the three management measures (input controls) would be beneficial to both the stock and the fleets (over the medium and long terms) compared with the projections over time for the status quo. Improving the selectivity of the fishing gear proved to be more beneficial than limiting nominal effort, which was in turn more beneficial than decreasing coastal fleet size.     

沿海高地下水位地区日光温室秋延迟番茄栽培技术

以江苏省云台农场日光温室为例,从品种选择、培育适龄壮苗、整地施肥、定植、定植后管理、适时采收等方面介绍了日光温室秋延迟番茄高产栽培技术。特别提出了沿海高地下水位地区建造日光温室的特殊注意事项,为其他沿海高地下水位地区发展温室番茄生产提供参考。     

不同改良剂对滨海盐渍土土壤理化性质和小麦生长的影响

【目的】盐分胁迫是滨海盐渍土上粮食产量提高的主要障碍因子之一。研究不同功能性改良物料对消除和减轻这一障碍因子的作用,为改良盐渍化土壤和提高作物产量提供理论依据。【方法】以小麦品种‘青麦 6 号’为供试材料,在滨海盐渍土上进行田间试验,设置 7 个处理为空白对照（CK）、含钙物料的磷石膏（PG）和脱硫石膏（FGD）、调酸物料的硫酸亚铁（FS）、含碳材料的牛粪（M）以及含碳和调酸物料的腐植酸（HA）和糠醛渣（FRs）,分析比较不同改良剂对滨海盐渍化土壤理化性质以及对小麦生长发育的影响。【结果】施加改良剂降低了土壤表层 (0—20 cm) 的 pH 值,作为酸性材料的腐植酸、糠醛渣和硫酸亚铁效果明显,土壤的 pH 值较对照分别降低了 0.10、0.11 和 0.11;施改良剂降低了土壤的交换性钠离子含量和钠的吸附比 (sodium adsorption ratio, 简称 SAR),磷石膏和脱硫石膏提供充足的钙离子用于置换土壤中交换性钠离子,明显降低了不同土层中的交换性钠离子含量和 SAR 值,0—20 cm、20—40 cm 和 40—60 cm 土层中,磷石膏和脱硫石膏对土壤交换性钠离子含量和 SAR 值的降低效果明显,其中施加磷石膏分别较对照降低了 15.5% 和 18.3% (0—20 cm)、28.2% 和 28.6% (20—40 cm)、36.5% 和 36.5% (40—60 cm),施加脱硫石膏分别较对照降低了 24.9% 和 27.9% (0—20 cm)、27.6% 和 26.3% (20—40 cm)、24.5% 和 25.0% (40—60 cm);施加改良剂增加了小麦成熟期的穗数,其中磷石膏、脱硫石膏和糠醛渣改良效果显著,分别较对照增加 27.6%、24.5% 和 18.6%,并分别提高小麦的产量 26.7%、17.8% 和 17.8%。【结论】 酸性物料的糠醛渣、腐植酸和硫酸亚铁,可以明显降低土壤 pH 值和增加小麦苗期的茎蘖数量,综合考虑改良剂对土壤 pH、Na+ 含量、SAR 值和小麦群体数量的影响,含碳的调酸物料的糠醛渣效果较好;含钙物料的磷石膏和脱硫石膏,可以显著降低土壤 Na+ 含量以及 SAR 值,增加小麦成熟期穗数,提高小麦产量均具有显著的效果,磷石膏效果最佳。     

不同秸秆还田方式对滨海盐渍土水盐运动的影响

为了探究不同秸秆还田方式对滨海盐渍土水盐调控机制,设置4种处理方式:秸秆覆盖（P）,秸秆深埋（S）,秸秆覆盖+深埋（T）,常规耕作（CK）,以CK为对照,通过大田试验研究不同处理下冬小麦生育期内土壤水盐运动及其对冬小麦产量的影响。结果表明:秸秆还田增加了土壤储水量,P,S和T处理0-70 cm土层生育期储水量均值高于CK处理8.28 mm,6.86 mm和13.76 mm;冬小麦前中期对0-30 cm土层保墒效果明显,随生育期的推移各处理间差异及土壤含水率均逐渐减小。秸秆还田抑制了土壤盐分表聚,T处理可显著降低0-50 cm土层土壤含盐量,生育期含盐量均值低于P,S和CK处理41.24%,32.08%和52.77%,淡化土壤耕层效果明显;S处理对0-30 cm土层脱盐效果优于P处理。秸秆还田改善土壤水盐状况,显著增加了冬小麦产量,产量表现出T > P > S > CK的顺序。T处理改善土壤水盐状况和提高产量表现较优,为试验的最佳处理方式。     

滨海盐渍区不同土地利用方式土壤-植被系统碳储量研究

盐渍区土地利用变化与土壤-植被系统固碳潜力耦合关系的研究对以植被建设、增加碳汇为目的的盐渍区最优土地利用方式的实施具有重要的理论和实际意义。本研究以滨海撂荒盐碱裸地为对照,连续观测和定量描述栽植3年和10年的柽柳林、栽植2年和8年的人工枸杞林及冬季咸水结冰灌溉结合地膜覆盖下的棉田的土壤有机碳和植被生物量的动态变化过程,探讨滨海盐渍区不同土地利用方式下土壤-植被系统固碳能力,为进一步提升区域碳储量提供理论依据。研究表明:1)柽柳、枸杞的栽植及结冰灌溉结合覆膜等土地利用方式在撂荒盐碱地实施后,土壤-植被系统固碳能力明显增强,且土壤容重显著减小;栽植10年的柽柳林和栽植8年的枸杞林土壤-植被系统碳储量最高,分别为118.24 t·hm~(-2)和96.27 t·hm~(-2),比冬季咸水结冰灌溉结合地膜覆盖棉田增加58.51 t·hm~(-2)和36.54 t·hm~(-2),比撂荒盐碱裸地增加83.39 t·hm~(-2)和61.42 t·hm~(-2)。2)对不同土地利用方式固碳趋势研究发现,栽植3年的柽柳林和栽植2年的枸杞林土壤-植物系统固碳速率较高,分别为10.08t·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)和2.71 t·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)。冬季咸水结冰灌溉结合地膜覆盖棉田固碳速率较低,仅为0.53 t·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)。栽植10年的柽柳和栽植8年的枸杞样地,植株固碳速率明显减慢,土壤-植被系统表现为一个弱的碳源。春季地表覆膜处理棉花存活率低且植株成熟后秸秆被移除,碳储量每年净减少0.86 t·hm~(-2)。撂荒盐碱裸地在无外源碳补充的条件下表现为碳源,土壤-植被系统碳储量减少速率为1.42 t·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)。综上所述,滨海盐渍区人工栽植柽柳和枸杞是提高区域碳储量的有效途径。     

Survival and long-term growth of eucalypts on semi-arid sites in a Mediterranean climate,South Africa§

Four experiments were established on the semi-arid west coast plain of South Africa during the 1990s. The trails tested the survival and growth of several eucalypt species and hybrids, some of which were established in a climate that is drier than their natural distribution range. The aridity indices (AI; defined as mean annual precipitation [MAP]/mean annual potential evapotranspiration) ranged from 0.21 to 0.36 and MAP from 228 to 423 mm. The driest trial site (AI = 0.21 and MAP = 228) had high levels of mortality. However, a number of species (in particular, Eucalyptus gomphocephala, E. camaldulensis and E. tereticornis, as well as individual hybrids of the latter two species with E. grandis) survived and grew well at the remaining sites. Eucalyptus cladocalyx survived well and attained competitive growth rates only on the wettest site in the group (AI = 0.36). The dominant height of the top-performing genotypes at age 5 ranged between 9 and 10 m on the two wetter sites. This corresponded to mean annual increment values in excess of 10 m³ ha^?1 a^?1, which is comparable to volume obtained at more favourable aridity indices in the summer rainfall zone of South Africa and exceeds the growth rates obtained in several other arid zone studies globally. The E. grandis × E. camaldulensis hybrid ranked among the top performers in two trials, but its susceptibility to recently introduced pests and relatively poor wood quality makes it a less attractive choice for planting. The high density and durability of timber, acceptable growth rate (given the low rainfall conditions), and low pest and disease incidence make E. gomphocephala and E. cladocalyx the species of choice for planting in the drier and relatively wetter sections of the semi-arid zone, respectively.     

江苏滨海湿地不同植被演替阶段土壤有机碳分布特征

对江苏滨海湿地土壤有机碳的分布特征进行研究,阐明了植被演替和土壤理化性质对土壤有机碳分布的影响,对探讨今后如何增加滨海湿地的"碳汇"能力具有重要的意义。结果表明,水平方向上,有机碳的分布特征表现为:光滩米草群落芦苇群落刺槐群落碱蓬群落。在0~10 cm层,土壤有机碳平均含量为20.84 g·kg-1,其中米草群落土壤有机碳含量显著高于其他几种类型;10~25 cm和25~40 cm土层,土壤有机碳平均含量分别为18.66 g·kg-1和19.15 g·kg-1,光滩含量最高。垂直方向上,0~10 cm层土壤有机碳含量均最高,光滩土壤有机碳含量随土层深度增加而增加;碱蓬和米草群落湿地土壤有机碳含量的垂直分布特征则相反;刺槐群落和芦苇群落湿地土壤有机碳含量分布表现为,表层含量最高,中间土层含量最低。土壤有机碳含量与土壤容重具有极显著的负相关关系,而与C/N和盐分呈显著的正相关关系。虽然研究结果中土壤有机碳含量与其他因子的相关性不显著,但是土壤各理化性质间的相互作用会间接影响有机碳含量的分布。