我国鸡奇异变形杆菌病研究报告

１９８９年４月作者在我国河南洛阳发现鸡奇异变形杆菌病。本病由肠杆菌科变形杆菌属的奇异变形杆菌（Ｐｒｏｔｕｓｍｉｒａｂｉｌｉｓ）所引起，以肢腿瘫痪、排灰白色或黄绿色水样稀便为临床特征。４周龄内雏鸡最易感，发病率８１．４％，病死率５６．５１％；青年鸡和成年鸡感染，可引起化脓性骨髓炎，死淘率４％左右。用濒死鸡脑组织、骨髓分离菌２４ｈ肉汤培养物（０．１ｍＬ）感染的小鼠，可于２４ｈ左右死亡；经口感染４周龄雏鸡，可复制出与自然病例相同的临床症状、病理变化和６０％的病死率，并可从感染致死鸡的脑、骨髓中回收到本菌。该菌不产生外毒素，可产生毒力强大的内毒素。本病可用氟哌酸、吡哌酸、氧哌嗪、链霉素、庆大霉素治愈。     

番鸭新病——花肝病的研究：Ⅰ．分离毒的致病必及感染途径试验

番鸭花肝的是近年流行的一种新的番鸭疫病，其特征性病变是死亡番鸭的肝、脾、小肠等部位出现灰白色的坏死点，本文自广东省主要疫区分离到几株病毒，这些病毒在番鸭胚上可继代繁殖，其胚液可使番鸭妇病。不同途径感染试验表明该病毒通过肌肉注射、爪垫部注射、口服，同居感染均可使番鸭发病和死亡，并具有典型病变，分离毒不能使半番鸭，本地鸭，鸡发病。     

Dynamics of natural bovine herpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1) infection in a dairy herd

In this study, natural cycling of BoHV-1 infection was investigated in two groups of dairy cattle containing 2120 head. Group 1 comprised 127 animals and they were monitored for BoHV-1 infection virologically and serologically in six consecutive sampling periods. It consisted of naive heifers between 6 and 8 months of age, while in group 2, age, sex and the BoHV-1 serostatus of the animals were disregarded. The animals in group 1 were found to have seroconverted at the second sampling. Results of the serological study showed slight antibody response after natural BoHV-1 infection in the herd and neutralizing titres fell below protective levels in the 6–8 months after the peak. During the 2-year study period, one recurrence was detected after primary infection. Virus isolation studies revealed a cytopathic effect indicative of BoHV-1 in two nasal swabs taken during the fifth sampling period from animals with mild upper respiratory tract symptoms. As the study was carried out under natural conditions, it is not known whether the viruses isolated were from recurrences or re-infections. Data from cross-neutralization tests with herd isolates showed higher antibody response than those with the reference virus. The dynamics of BoHV-1 in both groups were found to be statistically similar.     

Influence of race and post infection temperature on two components of partial resistance to wheat leaf rust in seedlings of wheat

Summary Components of partial resistance, infection frequency and latency period, were determined in 71 winter and spring wheat genotypes in the seedling stage, after infection with three races of leaf rust (Felix 3B, Clement B and Betuwe 85C) at three different day/night temperature regimes (24/18°C, 18/12°C and 12/6°C). The genotypes were split into two groups and two separate experiments were carried out. Five genotypes, SVP 84039, Akabozu, Banco, BH 1146 and Orso, conferred a low infection frequency and a long latency period and Westphal 12A a long latency period, indicating a relatively high level of partial resistance. The correlation coefficient between infection frequency and latency period was low. Race-specificity was not found. There was a significant temperature effect on the latency period. In the second experiment the temperature x genotype interaction was significant. Temperature-response functions of transformed data demonstrated that the latency periods of four relatively resistant genotypes, Westphal 12A, Banco, BH 1146 and Orso and of Sarno and Mirela were most sensitive to temperature. The range between the genotypes with the longest and the shortest latency period was highest at 12°C. Therefore, low temperature regimes are preferred to distinguish differences in level of partial resistance.     

Control of preharvest aflatoxin contamination in maize by pyramiding QTL involved in resistance to ear-feeding insects and invasion by Aspergillus spp.

Several resistance sources and resistance mechanisms to aflatoxin formation and corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea Boddie) damage to maize (Zea mays L.) have been identified. Based on this knowledge, experiments were initiated toward achievement of the following objectives: (1) to confirm earlier determinations on resistance traits of germplasm sources and to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with each of the traits, and (2) upon estimation of the degree of QTL effects on each trait, to generate a maize population, with chemical and physical resistance to Aspergillus spp. and ear-feeding insects, for inbred development. A 2-year field experiment to evaluate selected genotypes inoculated with A. flavus and infested with corn earworm revealed that significant variation exists among the genotypes for aflatoxin contamination and corn earworm damage. The protection of maize ears against aflatoxin contamination was primarily dependent on resistance to fungal infection and ear-feeding insects, and excellent husk coverage and tightness. A major QTL (p1) identified on chromosome 1S had effects of 54.0, 42.1, and 28.3% on the phenotypic variability for concentrations of silk maysin, 3′-methoxymaysin+apimaysin, and chlorogenic acid, respectively. Markers/QTLs for husk phenotypic traits and total aflatoxin concentrations have been determined, but more detailed mapping of these chromosomic regions will be necessary to locate precise markers/QTLs for husk traits and aflatoxin production. Realizing the complexity of the Aspergillus–aflatoxin-maize system and the factors affecting aflatoxin contamination, we are directing our program toward marker-assisted breeding to enhance or improve general genetic resistance to ear-feeding insects and invasion by Aspergillus spp.     

Variation of grain iron content in a local upland rice germplasm from the village of Huai Tee Cha in northern Thailand

Crown rust caused by Puccinia coronata Cda. f. sp. avenae Eriks., is a major fungal disease of cultivated oats (Avena sativa L.) in Tunisia. Six landrace oats (M_tK₂, JT₅, BJ₃₅, GT₁, ZN₃ and JT₀) locally collected and previously screened for their relative oat crown rust resistance were used in this experiment. These accessions were evaluated during a two cropping season in field plots under heavy natural oat crown rust infection. Assessment criteria to crown rust reactions were AUDPC, latent period, uredinia size and number of uredinia per cm² of infected leaf area. Principal components analysis showed that the variables were grouped in two components. These two principal components explained 83.56% of the total variance. The projection of the point-cloud representing the populations on the plan formed by the principal components ‘Fact 1’ (63.83%), in abscissa, and ‘Fact 2’ (19.73%) in ordinate, permitted to distribute the accessions in several groups. Three landrace oats (M_tK₂, JT₅, and JT₀) showed the lowest value of all the components used. These landrace oats might be good sources of effective and durable resistance to crown rust.     

Optimal allocation of resources in evaluating current sunflower inbred lines for resistance to Sclerotinia

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary is a major limiting factor for sunflower (Helianthus annuus) production. This study was conducted to (1) evaluate a large number of current sunflower lines for their reaction to Sclerotinia, and (2) determine the optimum allocation of resources for their selection. A set of 85 inbred lines was screened under artificial leaf infection in three environments. The test revealed ample variation for all resistance traits in the current germplasm. A line selected from NDBLOS, an oilseed sunflower germplasm poo, and its derivatives were most resistant to Sclerotinia. Lines derived from interspecific crosses with the wild species Helianthus tuberosus and Helianthus argophyllus also showed satisfactory Sclerotinia resistance. The evaluation of five plants per plot in two replications and four environments appears to be a reasonable allocation of resources in order to optimize the selection response.     

Analysis of downy mildew data on field pea: an empirical comparison of two logistic models

In the years 2002–2005, special trials concerning the level of infection of pea varieties by downy mildew were performed in Poland. In these trials, the large number of varieties were tested in many locations (environments), separately on reach and light soils. Obtained trial data are unique because of the large scale of the performed investigations and also for the fact that all the observations were made by the same observer. In a paper, two methods of statistical analysis of such (ordered) data are compared.

Several models have been proposed for the statistical interpretation of ordinal data. One of the most popular is the cumulative-type fixed logistic model. In the present work, using two field pea data sets, we considered whether adding random effects to the simple logistic model can improve inference. It was investigated whether there is any difference between the decisions concerning varieties resulting from the simple logistic model and the proposed mixed logistic model. The two models were also compared in terms of goodness of fit. According to two applied goodness-of-fit statistics, the mixed model performed better in all the cases. Statistical analysis (what is important for practical agriculture) enabled identification of the most resistant and the most susceptible variety from the analyzed set of cultivars.     

~(60)Coγ射线诱发梨的短枝型变异的探讨

本文对苹果梨、朝鲜洋梨辐射营养后代的短枝型变异进行了研究。研究结果表明:辐射有利于培育短枝型品种。在本试验范围内,辐射处理均有不同程度的矮化,而且与对照差异极显著。朝鲜洋梨较苹果梨对辐射处理更敏感。采用辐射诱变矮化型品种,可在V_1代直接进行选择。     

病原侵染早期小麦抗白粉病性状的构成因素剖析和QTL定位分析

以国际小麦作图组织提供的W7984×Opata85重组近交群体为材料,将白粉病抗性分解为互作早期不同时间点的乳突指数、乳突级别、吸器指数和二级菌丝指数等成分性状,在成分性状鉴定和统计的基础上,进行遗传分析和相关QTL定位。白粉菌侵染早期乳突指数和吸器指数随时间的变化趋势均受主效单基因的调控。数量性状分析共找到34个与抗白粉病相关的QTL (21个主效QTL),分布于小麦1B、1D、2B、3A、3B、3D、4A、4B、4D、5B、6A、6B、6D、7B和7D染色体上。位于7B染色体上的QTL(QPmPI16.tn-7B)对乳突形成的影响极为显著,贡献率达48.7%,促进乳突形成的等位变异来自Opata85。不同成分性状存在共定位的QTL。成分性状的特异QTL提供了更多的有关抗白粉病遗传机制信息。