西藏青稞品种喜马拉雅8号低温处理的SSH-cDNA文库构建及分析

为进一步研究青稞低温抗性相关基因,以喜马拉雅8号为材料,通过抑制差减杂交(suppression subtractive hybridization,SSH)的方法,构建青稞低温环境下的cDNA文库,并通过nr及KEGG数据库对筛选得到的高质量EST序列进行功能注释。结果发现,对随机挑选的281个阳性克隆进行测序,获得209条高质量ESTs序列,其中有117条序列能够在GenBank库中比对到同源性较高的基因或蛋白。对上述117条序列进行GO功能注释及KEGG代谢路径分析,发现其涉及到植物的基础物质、能量代谢、光合作用、信号转导等方面,说明这些基因可能参与了青稞对低温的抗性反应。     

Strawberry Shelf Life,Composition, and Enzymes Activity in Response to Edible Chitosan Coatings

A series of active biodegradable coatings based on chitosan, gelatin, starch, and sorbitol with or without monoterpenes (geraniol and thymol) were prepared and applied on fresh strawberry fruit as postharvest treatments. The coated fruits were inoculated with fungal spores of Botrytis cinerea and stored for 7 days at 4 °C. Decay incidence, weight loss, anthocyanins, total soluble solids (TSS), total soluble phenolics (TSP), polygalacturonase (PGase), pectin-lyase (PLase), antioxidant activity, guaiacol peroxidase (G-POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and catalase (CAT) were elucidated in the fruits of experimental sets and they were compared with that of controls. The coatings showed a significant effect on the development of quality variables, with the additional effect of geraniol and thymol as a function of the polysaccharide matrix. The coatings inhibited decay incidence, reduced weight loss, delayed changes in the contents of anthocyanin, TSS, and total soluble phenolics; inhibited the increase in G-POD and PPO activities; and retarded the reduction in CAT activity. Compared to the controls, all of the coatings had positive effects on the inhibition of cell wall degrading enzymes (PGase and PLase) and among all the tested coatings, T5, chitosan (1%) + starch (1%) + sorbitol (0.5%) + tween (0.05%) + thymol (0.02%) was the best. This formulation showed also the highest antimicrobial activity and the greatest effect on other physiochemical parameters and it can be suggested to use it as a useful coating agent for extending the shelf-life and maintaining quality of strawberry fruit.     

Effect of steam explosion on enzymatic hydrolysis and baking quality of wheat bran

In this study, the effect of steam explosion (SE) treatment on microstructure, enzymatic hydrolysis and baking quality of wheat bran was investigated. Coarse and fine bran were treated at different steam temperatures (120–160 °C) and residence times (5 or 10 min) and then hydrolysed with carbohydrase enzymes. The SE treatment increased water extractable arabinoxylan (WEAX) content from 0.75 to 2.06% and reducing sugars from 0.92 to 2.41% for fine bran. The effect was more pronounced with increased SE temperature and residence time. The highest carbohydrate solubilisation was observed in fine bran at SE treatment of 160 °C, 5 min. WEAX content increased to 3.13% when this bran was incubated without enzyme, while WEAX content increased to 9.14% with enzyme addition. Microscopic analysis indicated that cell wall structure of wheat bran was disrupted by severe SE conditions. Supplementation of SE treated (150 °C, 10 min) bran at 20% replacement level decreased the baking quality of bread. However SE followed by enzymatic hydrolysis increased specific volume and decreased crumb hardness (on the day of baking and after three days of storage). Phytic acid content of bread supplemented with SE treated bran was lower than the one supplemented with untreated bran.     

浸种和外源激素处理对毛马齿苋种子发芽的影响

为提高毛马齿苋种子播种出苗率,分析不同时间浸种以及采用GA3、NAA和6-BA 3种外源激素处理对其种子发芽的影响。结果表明：浸种处理没有提高毛马齿苋种子的发芽势和发芽率的效果;GA3、NAA和6-BA三种激素浸种处理均能提高毛马齿苋种子的发芽势和发芽率;最适宜的浸种浓度分别为GA3 30 mg/L、10～20 mg/L NAA或6-BA 30 mg/L。其中GA3有效浓度范围较宽泛,建议采用,但GA3处理不能解除该种子发芽的需光性。     

应用响应面优化辣木γ-氨基丁酸富集工艺研究

通过富集方式和干燥方法的单因素实验,最陡爬坡试验和响应面设计,优化辣木鲜叶γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid,GABA)的富集工艺。建立的辣木鲜叶中GABA最适富集条件为辣木鲜叶在45℃下,真空处理34 h,然后50℃干燥。该条件处理的辣木GABA含量为(19.70±0.16)mg/g,是对照的2.63倍。     

金属表面处理用混合硅烷体系中硅烷水解度的测定

硅烷工作液的水解度数据可为建槽过程中浓缩液稀释倍数以及硅烷工作液循环利用研究提供重要依据。以双-（3-三甲氧基硅基丙基）胺（BAS）和乙烯基三乙酰氧基硅烷（VTAS）的混合体系为研究对象,异丙醇为内标物,采用气相色谱内标法对BAS/VTAS体系中两种硅烷的水解产物CH₃OH和CH₃COOH的浓度进行精确定量,并通过计算得到两种硅烷的水解度数据。该方法的有效性采用红外光谱法、极化曲线和CuSO₄点蚀法进行验证。结果表明：气相色谱法能够有效、快速地表征BAS/VTAS混合体系中两种硅烷的水解度,其结果可作为硅烷水解液性能评判的定量依据。     

磁化处理的全尾砂料浆沉降参数优化模型

为了提高全尾砂料浆的脱水浓缩效果,将磁化处理技术引入到全尾砂料浆脱水浓缩中,并建立GA-SVM模型优选全尾砂料浆的沉降参数。建立支持向量机（SVM）沉降参数优化模型,以磁感应强度、磁化处理时间、料浆流速、料浆浓度、絮凝剂单耗为输入因子,沉降速度为综合输出因子,通过正交试验建立样本数据对SVM模型进行训练与检验,采用遗传算法（GA）对SVM模型参数进行优化,进而得到磁化全尾砂料浆沉降参数的GA-SVM优化模型。将GA-SVM模型运用到某铁矿磁化全尾砂料浆沉降参数优化中,得到的最佳沉降参数为磁感应强度0.192 T、磁化处理时间1.85 min、料浆速度1.92 m/s、PAC单耗28 g/t,沉降速度可达约155 cm/h。研究表明：适宜的磁化处理条件可提高全尾砂料浆的脱水浓缩效果,节约30.0%~42.5% PAC用量,GA-SVM模型对全尾砂料浆沉降参数预测结果相对误差在5%以内、预测精度高,为全尾砂料浆脱水浓缩及其参数优选提供了一种新思路。     

香菇渗透脱水工艺优化研究

以新鲜香菇为试材,在单因素试验的基础上,以新鲜香菇失水率和干香菇复水比为考察指标,通过正交试验优化干燥前食盐溶液渗透预处理工艺条件。结果表明,渗透处理最佳工艺条件为:渗透温度30℃,渗透液浓度10%,渗透时间90 min,在此工艺条件,新鲜香菇的失水率为13.9%,干香菇的复水比为4.8。     

Population dynamics of the potato cyst nematode,Globodera pallida,in relation to temperature,potato cultivar and nematicide application

The impact of increasing temperatures on the population dynamics of the soil-dwelling nematode Globodera pallida, a persistent and economically important pest of potatoes, was investigated. The reproductive factor (final population⁄initial population) and length of life cycle were found to be temperature sensitive. Pot experiments performed over 4 months allowed comparison of the effect on development of G. pallida of two temperature regimes: an average temperature comparable to current field conditions (14.3 °C) and an average temperature above current field conditions (17.3 °C). A larger second generation of juveniles was observed at 17.3 °C compared to 14.3 °C. Multiplication of G. pallida at field sites in Shropshire and East Lothian (average soil temperatures of 15.5 and 14.1 °C, respectively, during potato cropping) was also examined. A quantitative PCR assay and visual examination of roots were used to monitor the dynamics of the G. pallida populations in both field sites at 4-weekly intervals. Four cultivars, Desirée, Cara, Maris Piper and Estima, were grown with and without nematicide treatments. Nematicide treatments suppressed population increases at both sites. Females were observed on the roots of cvs Cara and Desirée at the end of the growing season in Shropshire, but not at East Lothian, and are likely to represent a second generation.     

外源ABA对苹果砧木叶片解剖结构 及内源激素含量的影响

通过光镜和透射电镜分别观察外源脱落酸（ABA）处理下楸子（Malus prunifolia）、平邑甜茶（M. hupehensis）和新疆野苹果（M. sieversii）叶片解剖结构及叶绿体超微结构的变化,利用扫描电镜和酶联免疫法分别研究ABA处理对叶片气孔特征及其内源激素含量的影响。结果表明：与对照相比,ABA处理下楸子、平邑甜茶和新疆野苹果的叶厚分别减少了7.93%、0.25%和0.81%,栅栏组织厚度分别减少了31.43%、8.53%和4.99%（P＜0.05）,海绵组织厚度分别增加了10.34%、6.14%和5.63%（P＜0.05）,叶肉组织结构疏松度（SR）分别增加了19.59%、6.55%和6.50%。ABA处理下楸子和平邑甜茶的栅栏组织/海绵组织厚度比值（P/S）及叶肉组织结构紧密度（CTR）较对照显著减少（P＜0.05）,其中,P/S值分别下降37.86%和13.82%,CTR分别下降25.46%和8.29%,而新疆野苹果的P/S值和CTR下降但不显著。此外,ABA处理下楸子和平邑甜茶的上表皮细胞厚度较对照分别增加了5.82%和6.43%,新疆野苹果的较对照减少了26.23%（P＜0.05）;楸子和新疆野苹果的下表皮细胞厚度较对照增加了12.09%和14.21%（P＜0.05）,平邑甜茶的较对照减少了12.56%。平邑甜茶和新疆野苹果叶片上下角质层厚度较对照显著增加（P＜0.05）,而楸子的变化不显著。在ABA诱导下,3种砧木的气孔密度、气孔大小（长度×宽度）及其开口度和开张比均不同程度地下降,其中,楸子的较对照分别下降了3.62%、7.12%×19.59%、67.60%和86.66%,平邑甜茶的分别下降了3.50%、4.99%×20.65%、32.42%和58.24%,新疆野苹果的分别下降了8.54%、0.92%×12.06%、20.37%和16.35%。ABA处理下3种砧木叶片细胞中叶绿体的数量变少,类囊体结构排列疏松,叶绿体上的淀粉粒趋于变小。外施ABA使3种砧木叶片内源ABA和玉米素核苷（ZR）的含量极显著增加（P＜0.01）,其中楸子ABA和ZR含量比对照分别增加30.83%和13.31%,平邑甜茶的分别增加62.40%和45.28%,而新疆野苹果的分别增加了37.07%和17.06%。楸子和新疆野苹果叶片的吲哚乙酸（IAA）和赤霉素（GA）含量无显著变化,而平邑甜茶叶片的IAA及GA含量比对照分别增加了62.62%和20.62%（P＜0.01）。总之,在ABA处理下,3种苹果砧木的叶片组织解剖结构和气孔特征都发生旱生性结构变化,叶肉细胞中淀粉粒趋于变小,叶片内源ABA和ZR水平增加显著,而IAA和GA水平变化因基因型不同而存在差异。