斜流泵小流量工况压力脉动数值模拟与实验

基于标准的Smagorinsky亚格子尺度模型,对斜流泵全流场进行大涡模拟并结合压力脉动实验对小流量工况下的压力脉动和内部流场进行研究。实验结果表明,叶轮进口处的脉动幅值最高,随着流量的降低压力脉动幅值逐渐增加,不同工况下叶轮进口、叶轮出口、导叶进口的压力脉动主频为叶频,但导叶出口脉动主频随着流量的变化而变化。大涡模拟表明,0.8Qopt工况下叶轮进口流动状态较好,叶轮进口轴面速度变化较小,而在0.4Qopt工况下叶轮进口流动状态较复杂,轴面速度变化较大,0.4Qopt工况时叶轮进口冲角增加以及受到相邻叶片叶顶泄漏流的影响,在t*=0.041 6时叶片进口吸力面已发生流动分离,当叶轮从t*=0.041 6旋转到t*=0.124 9时,叶片吸力面流动分离加剧,轮缘处的轴面速度明显升高,同时分离涡的旋转强度也逐渐增强,导致该区域的静压下降,逆压梯度上升,促使回流的产生,当回流到达叶片进口时进口处的静压逐渐恢复,因此叶轮进口流动分离是引起叶轮进口压力脉动幅值增加的重要因素。     

夏季积层混合云降水的宏微观特征及人工增雨可播性研究

为了使FY-2C/D 卫星资料反演云系微物理特征参数更好地应用于人工影响天气作业中,利用2010 年8 月17—19 日山西夏季积层混合云降水过程的雷达、卫星、机载云物理探测平台的综合探测资料,对云系演变特征、人工增雨的可播性以及催化效果进行分析。结果表明：云系维持时间达35 h,17日白天到夜间云层不断增厚,云粒子有效半径(Re)稳定变化较小,降水少,云系的自然降水过程较弱,具有较好的增雨作业潜力。8 月17 日白天云顶温度-10℃,云滴有效半径小于12 μm,云系密实,云中过冷水含量丰沛,大粒子与冰晶含量较少;夜晚在高云的播种效应之下,产生较大降水;持续稳定的中低层状云系存在较好的增雨作业机会。综合分析可知,适宜于这次夏季积层混合云降水人工催化条件的卫星判据为：云系厚度大于2 km,云顶温度-10~-20℃,云顶云粒子有效半径小于15 μm。     

具有除草活性的生防菌株GD-9发酵条件优化及菌剂制备

为了明确具有除草活性的生防菌株GD-9发酵过程中各因子的配比和最优条件,采用单因素试验对菌株最适碳源、氮源、载体、固态发酵基质进行了筛选,应用正交试验设计研究了碳源、氮源、初始含水量、接种量、初始pH、培养时间、培养温度7种因素对菌株活菌数的影响。试验结果表明菌株GD-9最佳固态发酵条件为:氮源NaNO_3 58.4 mg/g,碳源葡萄糖48.4 mg/g,培养基质最适初始含水量为258 mg/g,最适接种量为0.26 mL/g,初始pH 7.6,最佳培养时间147.8 h,最佳培养温度30.7℃,最适宜的载体为黏土,分散剂为聚乙烯醇,稳定剂为膨润土,润湿剂为糊精。通过发酵试验结果制备生防菌株GD-9的固体菌剂,该研究为菌剂的商品化生产奠定基础。     

不同光照条件对脱镁叶绿酸钠光敏抑菌活性的影响

脱镁叶绿酸钠是叶绿素代谢中间产物脱镁叶绿酸a的水溶性钠盐,具有良好的光敏抑菌活性。为探索光照条件对其抑菌活性的影响,采用菌丝生长速率法,研究在不同光照度、光波长及光照时间条件下,脱镁叶绿酸钠对忽视拟盘多毛孢Pestalotiopsis neglecta的抑制作用。结果表明:20 mg/mL的脱镁叶绿酸钠在照度为2 000 lx的白光照射下对菌丝生长的抑制率为83.7%,在黑暗条件下抑制率为77.0%,表明光照对脱镁叶绿酸钠抑菌活性有显著影响 (P < 0.05);此外,白光的效果好于单色光;光照度及光照时间对抑菌活性也有显著影响,其中当照度为16 000 lx且光照时间为24 h时抑菌作用最强。     

Effects of agriculture,climate, and policy on NDVI change in a semi-arid river basin of the Chinese Loess Plateau

In 1999, the Grain for Green Project was implemented by the Chinese government. Since then, the vegetation of Zuli River Basin, a semi-arid river basin of the Chinese Loess Plateau, has been greatly changed. Clearly understanding the impact of natural and artificial factors on vegetation change is important for policy making and ecosystem management. In this study, spatio-temporal variations in vegetation cover in Chinese Zuli River Basin during 1999–2016 were investigated using Landsat normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data. Analyses of several indicators, including changes in NDVI in different slopes and land use changes and the relationships between climatic factors and NDVI change, were presented to quantitatively evaluate the effects of agriculture, climate, and policy on NDVI change. The NDVI in the Zuli River Basin increased during the study period, and the main contributors to this change were forest in 1999–2011, cropland, abandoned farmland, and grassland in 2009–2016, and land with slopes ≤ 15°. Land with slope > 15°, where the “Project” was implemented, slightly contributed to the increase in regional NDVI. In 1999–2011, the project (?98.16%) combined with climate change (?68.18%) showed negative effects on the increase in NDVI in the Zuli River Basin, but agriculture (22.28%) played a positive role in increasing this index. In 2009–2016 and 1999–2016, the project (38.45% and 35.25%, respectively), the project combined with climate change (49.83% and 46.30%, respectively), agriculture (18.61% and 23.30%, respectively), promoted increases in NDVI in the basin.     

Interaction between climate and management on beta diversity components of vegetation in relation to soil properties in arid and semi-arid oak forests,Iran

This study aimed to investigate the interaction between regions with different climatic conditions(arid vs. semi-arid) and management(protected vs. unprotected) on the turnover and nestedness of vegetation in relation to physical, chemical and biological properties of soils in the Ilam Province of Iran. In each of the two regions, we sampled 8 sites(4 managed and 4 unmanaged sites) within each of which we established 4 circular plots(1000 m~2) that were used to investigate woody species, while two micro-plots(1 m×1 m) were established in each 1000-m~2 plot to analyze herbaceous species. In each sample unit, we also extracted three soil samples(0–20 cm depth) for measuring soil properties. The results indicated that the interaction between region and conservational management significantly affected the percent of canopy cover of Persian oak(Quercus brantii Linddl), soil respiration, substrate-induced respiration, as well as beta and gamma diversities and turnover of plant species. The percent of oak canopy cover was positively correlated with soil silt, electrical conductivity, available potassium, and alpha diversity, whereas it was negatively correlated with plant turnover. In addition, plant turnover was positively related to available phosphorus, while nestedness of species was positively related to organic carbon and total nitrogen. According to these results, we concluded that physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of limited ecological niche generally influenced plant diversity. Also, this study demonstrated the major contribution of the beta diversity on gamma diversity, especially in semi-arid region, because of the higher heterogeneity of vegetation in this area.     

碱性蛋白酶产生菌S9发酵条件的研究

为了解大庆地区盐碱土中嗜碱微生物蛋白酶产生情况,对大庆市盐碱土中筛选出的一株碱性蛋白酶菌株S9,通过单因子试验与正交试验确定该菌株的最佳培养基为:葡萄糖2%、硫酸铵2%、酵母浸粉0.5%;最佳培养条件为:温度30 ℃,pH 9.5.     

珍稀植物楠木的地理分布及潜在分布区的预测

以植物地理分布与气候变化间的关系为研究基础,通过MaxEnt模型,应用贡献率、置换重要值以及Jackknife检验、主成分分析,模拟研究影响楠木Phoebe zhennan地理分布的主要因子,分析楠木在当前的地理分布格局,并预测未来楠木在中国的潜在分布格局.结果表明,采用MaxEnt模型预测其潜在适宜分布区准确度极高,...     

近50年青海海南地区气候变化趋势及突变分析

为了全面分析青海海南地区近50 年的气候变化特征及未来趋势发展,为该区域合理利用气候资源及农业生产提供科学参考,采用线性分析、M-K法,对青海省海南地区1961—2010 年温度、降水、日照时数的观测资料进行了分析。结果表明：近50 年来,海南地区气温总体呈显著增温趋势,以冬季升温最明显,贡献率最大为特征。夏季、冬季和年降水量呈不显著的增多趋势,春季和秋季降水量则呈不显著的减少趋势。夏季日照时数呈显著减少趋势,年和其他季节日照时数的增减趋势不显著,说明夏季日照时数的减少是影响年日照时数减少的主要因素。年平均气温在1990 年发生了增温突变,年降水量和年日照时数未发生突变。     

沈山高速公路大雾天气气候特征及其对交通的影响及防御

利用沈山高速公路沿线8个气象观测站（沈阳、辽中、台安、盘锦、锦州、葫芦岛、兴城、绥中）1981—2012年的大雾实况资料,分析沈山高速公路沿线大雾时空分布特征。结果表明：在时间分布上,2003—2012年,沈山高速公路大雾日数呈上升趋势,年平均为16.4天,比20世纪80年代增加1.8天;辽中、台安、盘锦和沈阳4个站大雾天气主要出现在秋、冬季,而锦州、葫芦岛、兴城、绥中4个站大雾天气主要出现在夏、秋季。大雾日变化明显,有2个生成的高发阶段,一个在早晨3—6时,另一个在夜里21—24时,大雾消散的时间主要在15时之前,消散的峰值在上午9时左右,89%的大雾持续时间不超过10 h,2~4 h左右的雾发生频率最高。在空间分布上,沈山高速沿线西南部沿海雾日多,内陆地区雾日少,有明显的地区差异。在对沈山高速公路沿线大雾天气气候特征分析的基础上,结合2008—2012年沈山高速由于大雾的原因引发的交通事故分析,探讨了大雾对沈山高速公路交通的影响,选取大雾灾害隐患点,找出服务关键期,并有针对性地提出防御建议。