醇法花生浓缩蛋白制备工艺条件的优化

[目的]优化醇法制备花生浓缩蛋白的工艺条件。[方法]采用响应面试验设计来优化乙醇洗涤法制备花生浓缩蛋白的最优工艺条件。[结果]优化得到的醇法制备花生浓缩蛋白的工艺条件为:乙醇体积分数73%,温度60℃,时间75 min,液固比(V/M)7 ml/g,粉碎度70目。在此条件下所得产品的蛋白质含量为66.24%,蛋白质回收率93.32%。[结论]在优化得到的工艺条件下,花生浓缩蛋白产品的蛋白质含量和蛋白质回收率均较高。     

祁连山南麓高寒灌丛GPP变化特征及对生长季积温的响应

全球气候变化背景下气温逐渐升高,将会对陆地生态系统碳循环产生重要影响.研究利用2003-2016年的涡度相关系统观测资料,研究了祁连山南麓高寒灌丛生长季(5月-9月)总初级生产力(gross primary productivity,GPP)在不同时间尺度上对生长季有效积温(growing season degree ...     

Experts' Perceptions on China's Capacity to Manage Emerging and Re‐emerging Zoonotic Diseases in an Era of Climate Change

Zoonotic diseases transmitted by arthropods and rodents are a major public health concern in China. However, interventions in recent decades have helped lower the incidence of several diseases despite the country's large, frequently mobile population and socio‐economic challenges. Increasing globalization, rapid urbanization and a warming climate now add to the complexity of disease control and prevention and could challenge China's capacity to respond to threats of emerging and re‐emerging zoonoses. To investigate this notion, face‐to‐face interviews were conducted with 30 infectious disease experts in four cities in China. The case study diseases under discussion were malaria, dengue fever and haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, all of which may be influenced by changing meteorological conditions. Data were analysed using standard qualitative techniques. The study participants viewed the current disease prevention and control system favourably and were optimistic about China's capacity to manage climate‐sensitive diseases in the future. Several recommendations emerged from the data including the need to improve health literacy in the population regarding the transmission of infectious diseases and raising awareness of the health impacts of climate change amongst policymakers and health professionals. Participants thought that research capacity could be strengthened and human resources issues for front‐line staff should be addressed. It was considered important that authorities are well prepared in advance for outbreaks such as dengue fever in populous subtropical areas, and a prompt and coordinated response is required when outbreaks occur. Furthermore, health professionals need to remain skilled in the identification of diseases for which incidence is declining, so that re‐emerging or emerging trends can be rapidly identified. Recommendations such as these may be useful in formulating adaptation plans and capacity building for the future control and prevention of climate‐sensitive zoonotic diseases in China and neighbouring countries.     

不同培养条件对火龙果种子萌芽的影响

通过采用MS培养基、MS 2.0mg/LGA3培养基、纸床（双层无菌滤纸）对红肉火龙果种子进行萌芽试验。试验发现,接种后5d,纸床培养的火龙果种子的萌发率最高,为95%;其次是MS 2.0mg/LGA3培养基,为89%;萌发率最低的是MS培养基上的火龙果种子,为81%。15d后,MS 2.0mg/LGA3培养基上火龙果幼苗的生长势高于其他两种培养方式,幼苗平均高度为1.5cm,子叶较厚,浅绿色。结果表明,MS 2.0mg/LGA3培养基为较为理想的火龙果种子萌芽培养基。     

抑制瘤胃甲烷排放的酵母菌的筛选及培养条件优化

减少瘤胃甲烷排放措施的研究已成为当前的研究热点之一。本研究以酒、面包和畜禽专用酿酒酵母产品为原材料,从中分离到三株酵母菌,将其制成冻干粉,通过体外产气试验,筛选出了一株抑制瘤胃甲烷排放效果最为显著的酵母菌株。然后以该酵母菌株作为研究对象,进行分子生物学鉴定;采用分光光度计比浊法测定该酵母菌株的生长曲线,确定菌体生长规律;并以此为依据,设计单因素试验考察该酵母菌株最适宜的生长条件。结果表明,分离得到的酵母菌株均为酿酒酵母saccharomyces cerevisiae;抑制瘤胃体外甲烷排放效果最显著的1株酵母菌分离自面包中;该酿酒酵母菌株的对数生长期为8～24h,其最佳培养条件为:生长温度30℃,pH 5.5,培养基中葡萄糖的浓度4.0%。     

内蒙古草地生态系统近10年NPP时空变化及其与气候的关系

植被净初级生产力(net primary productivity, NPP)及其对气候变化的响应研究是全球变化的核心内容之一。通过改进的光能利用率模型(CASA模型),利用MODIS NDVI数据、土地覆盖分类数据、气象数据等,逐像元模拟2001-2010 年内蒙古草地生态系统NPP的时空变化,分析其对气候因子变化的响应关系。结果表明,1)2001-2010年内蒙古草地多年平均NPP为281.3 g C/(m²·a),空间分布呈由西南向东北递增的趋势,草甸草原、典型草原和荒漠草原平均NPP分别为431.8,288.7和123.5 g C/(m²·a);2) 2001-2010年间内蒙古草地NPP总体上呈上升趋势。NPP上升趋势最明显的草地主要分布在毛乌素沙地、浑善达克沙地、科尔沁沙地、呼伦贝尔盟和大兴安岭南麓地区,而下降趋势最明显的草地主要分布在阴山山脉和锡林郭勒盟中部的典型草原区;3) 总体而言,降水量是内蒙古草地净初级生产力的主要影响因素。草甸草原NPP与降水量、温度的关系均很密切,而且与温度的相关性更强;典型草原和荒漠草原NPP则主要受降水量控制,其中荒漠草原NPP与降水量的关系更密切。     

呼伦贝尔草甸草原地上净初级生产力对气候变化响应的模拟

利用内蒙古呼伦贝尔草原额尔古纳右旗牧业气象试验站1994-2009年牧草生长季逐月实测资料,对CENTURY模型进行检验,模拟了呼伦贝尔草甸草原1961-2010年间地上净初级生产力(ANPP)动态,并与26个气象因子进行相关性分析。模型检验结果显示,生长季内逐月地上生物量模拟值与观测值之间的相关系数为R²=0.53,斜率b=0.94,误差平方根值为72.07 g/m²,平均绝对百分比误差为38.02%。检验结果表明,CENTURY模型能够成功地模拟这类草原的季节动态和年际变化。在过去的50年中,呼伦贝尔草甸草原温度增加,降水略增,ANPP增加。相关分析表明,ANPP与生长季降水量(r=0.372)呈极显著正相关;与年平均最低气温、年平均地面气温、年平均气温、7月降水量呈显著正相关;与年平均风速(r=-0.382)呈极显著负相关;与其他气象因子无显著的相关关系。应用区域气候模式系统PRECIS输出的2021-2050年气候情景数据分析得出,在SRES B2、A2和A1B情景下,未来呼伦贝尔草甸草原平均最高气温和最低气温都将呈显著升高趋势,降水量略增,ANPP虽然在年际间存在波动,但总体呈明显增加态势,分别较基准时段增加了67.14%,69.65%和76.58%,增加速率分别为16.51,17.34和16.42 g/(m²·10 a)。在3种情景下,未来气候变化均会对呼伦贝尔草甸草原群落生产力产生显著的正面影响。     

水淹胁迫对紫穗槐生长及营养元素积累的影响

通过对不同水淹条件下紫穗槐(Amorpha fruticosa)植株营养生长及各组织中营养元素积累量的分析,发现紫穗槐在表面水淹条件下根系浅生化,半水淹条件下茎根生长不定根,近全淹条件下先生长茎后生出不定根来适应水淹胁迫。3个水淹处理组植株对氮、磷、钙、铁及锰的吸收表现为增益;对铜的吸收表现为降低;改变氮、磷、钙、锌和铜的分配以适应水淹逆境,均与对照组植株存在明显差异(P<0.05)。所有处理各营养元素的积累量均不低于植物正常生长水平,营养生长指标未见严重缺素症,表明紫穗槐可针对不同水淹条件选择最有效节能的适应机制,是优良的抗涝灌木种。     

Direct impacts of recent climate warming on insect populations

Effects of recent climate change have already been detected in many species, and, in particular, in insects. The present paper reviews the key impacts of global warming on insect development and dispersal. The effects of climate change appear to be much more complex than a simple linear response to an average increase in temperature. They can differ between seasons and bioclimatic regions. Earlier flight periods, enhanced winter survival and acceleration of development rates are the major insect responses. Differential response of insects and hosts to warming up might also lead to disruption of their phenological synchrony, but adaptive genetic processes are likely to quickly restore this synchrony. In a number of cases, warming results in removing or relocating the barriers that limit present species' ranges. It is also likely to facilitate the establishment and spread of invasive alien species. Finally, knowledge gaps are identified and future research interests are suggested.     

Thermal biology and locomotor performance in Phymaturus calcogaster: are Patagonian lizards vulnerable to climate change?

Behavioral and physiological traits of ectotherms are especially sensitive to fluctuations of environmental temperature. In particular, niche-specialist lizards are dependent on their physiological plasticity to adjust to changing environmental conditions. Lizards of the genus Phymaturus are viviparous, mainly herbivorous, and inhabit only rock promontories in the steppe environments of Patagonia and the Andes. Herein, we examine the vulnerability of the southernmost Phymaturus species to global warming: the endemic Phymaturus calcogaster, which lives in a mesic environment in eastern Patagonia. We studied body temperatures in the field (T_b), preferred body temperatures in a thermogradient (T_pref), the operative (T_e) and environmental temperatures, and the dependence of running performance on body temperature. P. calcogaster had a mean T_b (27.04°C) and a mean T_e (31.15°C) both lower than their preferred temperature (T_pref = 36.61°C) and the optimal temperature for running performance (T_o = 37.13°C). Lizard activity seems to be restraint during the early afternoon due high environmental temperatures. However, both, the high safety margin and warming tolerance suggest that the expected increase in environmental temperatures due to global warming (IPCC report in 2018) would not threaten, but indeed enhance locomotor performance in this population.